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Frequency response II
The transfer function gives us the information about the
behavior of a linear-time-invariant (LTI) circuit/system for
T ( ) | T ( ) | exp( jT ( )) | T ( ) | exp( j ( ))
A bode plot shows the the gain magnitude and phase in decibles versus
frequency on logarithmic scale
A few prerequisites for bode plot:
Laplace transform and network transfer function
Poles and zeros of transfer function
Break frequencies
Some useful rules for drawing high-order bode plots:
Decompose transfer function into first order terms.
Mark the break frequencies and represent them on the frequency axis the
critical values for changes
Make bode plot for each of the first order term
For each first order term, keep the DC to the break frequency constant
equal to the gain at DC
After the break frequency, the gain magnitude starts to increase or
decrease with a slope of 20db/decade if the term is in the numerator or
denominator
For phase plot, each first order term induces a 45 degrees of increase or
decrease at the break frequency if the term is in the numerator or
denominator
Consider frequencies like one-tenth and ten times the break frequency and
approximate the phase by 0 and 90 degrees if the frequency is with the
numerator (or 0 and -90 degrees if in the denominator)
Add all the first order terms for magnitude and phase response
3
1
1
Av ( f )
, fb
1 j 2RCf
2RC
| Av ( f )|db 20 log 1 ( f / f b ) 2
( f ) arctan( f / f b )
E.g. 2
Av ( f )
1 j 2fR2C
1
1
, f b1
, fb2
1 j 2f ( R1 R2 )C
2R2C
2 ( R1 R2 )C
( f ) arctan( f / f b1 ) arctan( f / f b 2 )
E.g. 3
Av ( f )
j 2fR2C
R2
j( f / fb )
1
, fb
1 j 2f ( R1 R2 )C R1 R2 1 j ( f / f b )
2 ( R1 R2 )C
( f ) 90 arctan( f / f b )
Source
xd
n+
xd
Ld
Drain
n+
Gate-bulk
overlap
Top view
Gate oxide
tox
n+
n+
Gate Capacitance
G
G
CGC
D
Cut-of
G
CGC
CGC
D
Resistive
Saturation
Diffusion Capacitance
Channel-stop implant
N
A1
Side wall
Source
ND
Bottom
xj
Side wall
LS
Channel
Substrate
NA
Z f Av
Av 1
Zf
then
we can perform an approximate analysis by
assuming Z out ,Miller is equal to Z f
find the gain including loading effects of Z out ,Miller ( z f )
use the gain to find out Z in ,Miller
Thus, using Miller Effect, gain calculation and
frequency response characterization would be
12
much simpler
terminal is
.
jC (1 A )
Therefore, connecting a capacitance C f from the
input to output is equivalent to connecting a
capacitance C f (1 Av )
Due to Miller effect, a small feedback
capacitance appears across the input terminals
as a much larger equivalent capacitance with a
large gain (e.g. | Av | 80 ). At high frequencies,
this large capacitance has a low impedance that
tends to short out the input signal
in , Miller
13
The
Hybrid
rx
r VT / I CQ
ro V A / I CQ
Note: in the following analysis of the CE, EF and CB amplifier in the next three slides, we will
assume rx 0, r for simplicity (though they still appear in the small signal models).14
15
g m v
CT C C (1 g m RL' )
Rs' Rs || R1 || R2 || r
1
fb
2Rs' CT
The break frequency, thus the -3db frequency is set by the RC lowpass filter
(other voltage controlled current source, resistance does not contribute to the
16
break frequency). C is a main limiting factor for -3db bandwidth.
Emitter-follower amplifier
1
2 RT CT
CT C
C
1 g m RL'
RT Rs' || [r (1 g m R L' )]
Rs' Rs || R B
R L' ro || R E || R L
17
For approximate analysis, we can neglect rx ( short circuit ), r , ro (open circuit ) the simplified
equivalent circuit can be shown in (c). Derive the transfer function for this circuit, it shows two
break frequencies (with typical values, f b1 is approximately -3db bandwidth)
1
1
'
'
f b1
,
f
,
R
R
||
R
||
r
||
(
1
/
g
),
R
Rc || RL
18
b
2
s
s
E
m
L
2 C Rs'
2 C R L'
Fully-differential amplifier
X
To estimate the 3dB bandwidth of this one, note that the circuit if fully symmetric,
so only the half circuit needs to be analyzed. The node voltage at X is 0 in
small-signal analysis. Therefore we only need to analyze the right-hand side
circuit, which is actually a common-emitter amplifier analyzed before. So the
3dB bandwidth of a common-emitter amplifier applies here.
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