Shear strength of soil

)-:( Shear )
(.
:-
Shear force
.

)(:-

Shear strength

.
Ultimate shear resistance
). (

:-

 -:
.1
.
.2 .
.3
.
.4 .
.5 .

Factors effecting on shear strength:1.Water content.

2.Unit weight (Density).
3.Soil structure (Disturbance).

4.Climatic condition (wetting, drying, freezing, heating,
seepage cause leaching, temperature).
5.Nature of stresses (static, dynamic, impact).
6.Laboratory test conditions.
Coarse

Dense

Fine

Loose

Components of shear strength in soil

)1. Structural resistance (inter locking

.
2. Frictional resistance
sliding . rolling
3. Cohesion forces (electro mechanics properties) for
clayey soil
)
(.

Coulomb(1773)
For cohesive soil = C+ntan
C= cohesion soil , = shear force , = angle of internal
friction, n =normal stresses
For cohesion less soil = = ntan

C =0.0

C
n
n

Principle planes and principle stresses

.1 -: Principle planes
) (
)( .
.2 )(-: Principle stresses
-:
. Major principle stress
. Minor principle stress
. Intermediate principle stress
1

Calculation of normal stress and shear stress at any plane

1.FY =0.0
BCn 1.0 = 1cos AB1.0 + 3sin AC1.0
n = 1cos AB/BC1.0 + 3sin AC/BC1.0
n = 1cos2 + 3sin2
but cos2 = (1.0+ cos2 )/2 , sin2 = (1.0+ cos2 )/2
n = 1(1.0+ cos2 )/2 + 3(1.0+ cos2 )/2
n =( 1 + 3 )/2 +(( 1 3) cos2 )/2
1

C
3

B
B

1 sin

1
3

1 cos

3 cos
3
3 sin

2.FX =0.0
BC = 1 sin AB- 3 cos AC
= 1 sin AB/BC- 3 cos AC/BC
= 1 sin cos - 3 cos sin
but sin cos = sin2 /2
= (1 3)/2 sin2
n
n

B
1 sin

1
1 cos

3 cos
3
3 sin

Shear strength determination by Mohr's circle

-:
.1

) ( .
.2
.

 -:
.1 ) (+ Compression
) (- Tension )
=(.
.2 Clock wise
Counter clock wise.
1= Major stress , 3 = Minor stress. 3

=
. 4

n
( 1
.
.
45
max. = (1 3)/2. 5

 -:
.1
.
.2 .
.3
.
.4 .
.5 P

) (, n
Element
.

OP

max

1
a

H
3
45

Major P.S

1
3

max

1
Miner P.S

: P
) (, n1) ,( , n3

.

MB

sin MCL

MC 1 2
2

1 2
sin MCL *
2

sin MCL sin 2

1 2

sin 2
2

(n , )

2
F

MCL 2

L
B

3
1

1 3
n 3
CL cos 2
n= OF+FC+CK
2
1 2
1 3 1 3
CL
n 3

cos 2
2
2
2
3 1 1 3
n

cos 2 n 1 3 1 3 cos 2
2
2
2
2
2

Importance Characteristic of Mohr's circle

.1 45
).(1
.2 ).(2

1
2
1

OP

3
OP

)(1

OP

)(2

.3
.
.4 .
at failure =45+ /2 .5

3
OP

Minor
P.S

Major
P.S

Miner P.S
3

Major P.S

OP

2
C
Minor
P.S

L
B

max

Major P.S

.6
. max=

1 3
2
max tan 1
1 3
2

1 2
2

max .

1 2
2

.7 max -:

1 1 sin max

3 1 sin max

1 2
2
max .

tan
n

1 2
2

1 1 sin

3 1 sin

1 3 N

1 1 sin max

3 1 sin max
max=

1 sin

tan 2 (45 )
1 sin
2

tan 2 (45 ) N
2

Cohsionless soil

flow value

1 2
2

1 2
2
1 3 2c cos ( 1 3 ) sin
2c cos 1 3 1 sin 3 sin
2c cos
1 sin
1
3
1 sin
1 sin

tan (45 ) N
2
2

flow value

c
tan
x
c
x
tan
1 3
2
sin
3
c
1
tan
2
1 sin

2
tan (45 )
1 sin
2
cos

tan(45 )
1 sin
2

1 2c N 3 N cohesiv soil

Rupture theories and failure envelope

)(Theories of shear strength

1-Moher ,s rupture
Critical
combination
.
= f(n) ,max.m =


C .
) (

. ,

Failure plain
3

Failure
Envelope

2
OP

Failure Envelope

Failure plain

Stable

max.
OP

.-Coulomb theory 2
.

n tan

or

c n tan

.3-

Mohr-Coulomb theory
.
-
n .
For Mohr = f(n).
For coulomb = C+ntna OR = ntna
Tangent to Moher ,s circle (at failure).
= C+ntna

Cohesion soil

4-Revised Mohr-Coulomb theory

= c-+ ntna
-: Limitation
.1 1 , 3 2 .
.2
.
.3
n
. Expansive soil

Drainage consolidation during shear test

Two stages under any applied load
(consolidation and shear).


.
Types of shear tests:1.Unconsolidated undrained test (U.U.test)(Quick test).
2.Consolidated undrained test (C.U.test) (Shearing quick).
3.Consolidated drained test (C.D.test) (Slow test).

)A- Unconsolidated undrained test (U.U. test) (Quick test

. Sr=100%
-1 3 1
.
-2 3 .
-3
.
-4
.
-5 .

Cohesion soil

Undrained condition

Cu

). B- Consolidated undrained test (C.U.test) (Shearing quick

-1 3
24
) (.
-2 24.
-3 ,
Effective
. failure envelope
-4 Triaxial test
Pore water pressure
.

C C

).C- Consolidated drained test (C.D.test) (Slow test

-1 24.
-2
C -C - .

Lab. Tests for

determination
of shear strength

Direct
shearing

Direct
shear
test

Van
shear
test

Indirect
shearing

Ring
shear
test

Triaixial
Test

Unconfined Standard
Cone
Compression Penetration Penetration
Test
Test SPT
Test CPT

Tilting
Test

. Box shear test

.1-

.
:-

. 12mm
)( ). mm , (100100)mm , (300300)mm(6060
.
.
-: ,



shear

Rate of shearing
Drained

Undrained

Type of soil

)0.005-0.2(mm/min

)1-2( mm/min

Clayey soil

)0.2(mm/min

)1-2( mm/min

Sandy soil

-:
Unconsolidated undrained test (U.U. test) (Quick test) .
10min
, )mm/min(2-1


. n

Undrained condition

Cohesion soil

Cu

)B- Consolidated undrained test (C.U. test) (Shearing quick

.
24)
( )
( , ) mm/min(2-1
, .24houre+10min

Cohesion
soil

.C- Consolidated

)drained test (C.D. test) (Slow test

) mm/min(0.2-0.005
) mm/min(0.2 .

C -C . -

: . 1-
. 2-
. 3-
4-
: . 1-
-2 Pore water pressure
-C . -
-3 ) 3 ( .
-4 .


Peak

Peak

Volume change of soil in shearing

Dense soil
Loose soil

e Loose

Critical state

Loose soil

Void ratio

Volume change

Dens soil

e critical

e Dens


) n,(

Peak

Peak

ultimate

Peak
Peak

) n,(

) n,(

) n,(

Dense soil

) n,(

) n,(

Loose soil

. ) ( .2- Vane shear test

-:
.
.
). cycle/min(12-6

H=2D

 -:
o -: .
T=D2(H+D/6)/2
o -:

.T=D2(H+D/3)/2 .

. .Ring shear test

cm . cm 6.25 11.3
cm . 2.0
,
.
-C

.
.

.
.
. PP 382

Peak

Residual shear strength

Peak value

Residual values

Cp
n

Indirect shear test.

1.Unconfined compression test
(Unconfined compression strength) (U.C.S).
. H=(2-3)D ( 3-2)
. 0.02mm/min
qu=n= 1
qu=P/Ac
Ac=A/(1.0-)
=L/L
Cu=qu/2

 Cu = . C
, Ac = , A = , L =
. =Strain
.
. 3) (=
C , .

C
OP

Cu

 -:
Brittle failure :-
). =(45+/2
= 60
.
C , .
. Soft
) :- Partial shear failure (semi-Brittle
. Peak
) Plastic failure (Barreled :-
.

Type of failure
Brittle failure or
Shear failure

Partial shear failure

)semi-Brittle(

L1

L2
L

L

Stiff



L1

L2>L1

Plastic failure
Barreled
L3 L

.
L3>L2>L1

. 2.-Triaxial compression test

3
1
. 1>3
Applied 3 on all sides.
Applied axial load with increase 3 in all sides.
The applied load called (Deviator stress).
Deviator stress = = 1- 3 .
The type of Triaxial compression test:1.U.U.test.
2.C.U.test.
3.C.D.test.
.

Name
Sand and silt

Type of soil

C- kg/cm2

Inorganic

0.0

Normally consolidated clay

0.0

Soft over consolidated clay

0.005-0.2

Medium clay

0.2-0.5

Hard clay

0.5-1.0

clay

Typical values of Type of soil

Sand

Silt
Sand and Gravel

Name of soil

Loose

27-35

Medium

30-40

Dense

35-45

Loose

26-32

Dense

30-35

Sand and Gravel

34-48