Topic 8 Electronics And Information

And Communication Technology

8.1 Understanding radio waves

ITeach Science Form 5

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Understanding Radio Waves

Characteristics of Waves

Waves velocity = Frequency Wavelength

V f

Frequency is the number of waves

generated per second

1
T

(T = Time to travel one wavelength)

ITeach Science Form 5

Past Year Question

Topic 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Memahami Gelombang Radio

Ciri-ciri Gelombang

Halaju gelombang = Frekuensi

V f

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Panjang
gelombang

Frekuensi ialah bilangan gelombang

yang dijana per unit masa.

1
T

(T = Masa yang diambil oleh satu

panjang gelombang)

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Understanding Radio Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Transverse waves

can travel in vacuum, gas, liquid and solid.

Frequency, s -1

rays

Ultra
violet

Infra
red

X rays

Micro
wave

Radio
wave

Wavelength, m
Visible light

nm
ITeach Science Form 5

Topic 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Memahami Gelombang Radio

Spektrum Elektromagnet
Boleh bergerak dalam vakum, gas, cecair
dan pepejal

Gelombang
melintang
Frequency, s -1

Sinar

Ultra
violet
Sinar X

Infra
merah

Gelombang
mikro

Gelombang
Radio

Panjang gelombang, m
Cahaya tampak

nm
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Understanding Radio Waves

Characteristis Of Radio Waves Used In Communication

Travel fast
v = 3 X 10 8ms-1

Travel through vacuum

Characteristis
Characteristis
of
ofradio
radio
waves
waves

Transmit sound waves to

great distance

Little absorption by air

Not dispersed by
obstructing objects

ITeach Science Form 5

Topic 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Memahami Gelombang Radio

Ciri-ciri dan Kegunaan Gelombang Radio dalam Komunikasi

Bergerak laju
v = 3 X 10 8ms-1

Bergerak melalui vakum

Ciri-ciri
Ciri-ciri
Gelombang
Gelombang
Radio
Radio

Sedikit penyerapan oleh

udara

Menghantar gelombang
bunyi ke jarak yang jauh.

Tidak disebarkan oleh

objek yang menghalang
gelombang radio
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Understanding Radio Waves

Types of radio waves and their uses
Frequency Range

Radio Waves

30 KHz to 300 KHz

Low frequency

Long waves (LW)

300 KHz to 3 MHz

Moderate frequency

Medium waves (MW)

3 MHz to 30 MHz
High frequency

Short waves (SW)

30 MHz to 300 MHz

Very high frequency

(VHF)

FM broadcasting, television
broadcasting

300 MHz to 3 GHz

Ultra high frequency

(UHF)

Television broadcasting, pager,

mobile telephone

3 GHz to 30 GHz

Microwave

Live broadcasting, long distance

telephone call, micro oven

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Application
Local radio broadcasting
Radio (AM) broadcasting within
the country
Long distance transmission of AM
radio broadcasting

Topic 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Memahami Gelombang Radio

Jenis-jenis Gelombang Radio dan Kegunaannya
Julat Frekuensi

Gelombang Radio

30 KHz - 300 KHz

Frekuensi rendah

Gelombang panjang
(LW)

300 KHz - 3 MHz

Frekuensi sederhana

Gelombang
sederhana (MW)

3 MHz - 30 MHz
Frekuensi tinggi

Gelombang pendek
(SW)

30 MHz - 300 MHz

Frekuensi lampau
tinggi (VHF)

300 MHz - 3 GHz

Frekuensi ultra tinggi

(UHF)

3 GHz - 30 GHz

Gelombang mikro

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Kegunaan
Siaran radio tempatan
Siaran radio (AM) dalam negara
Pemancaran jarak jauh untuk siaran
radio AM
Siaran radio FM, siaran televisyen

Siaran televisyen, telefon bimbit

Siaran langsung, panggilan telefon
jarak jauh, boleh dipancar ke satelit

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And

Communication Technology (ICT)

8.2 Analysing radio communication

ITeach Science Form 5

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Analysing Radio Communication

Electronic components in a radio
Component
Resistors

Symbols

Functions
Control the flow of electric current

Capacitors

Stores electric charge and releases it

when needed
allows alternating current to pass through

Diodes

allows current to flow in one direction only

to change alternating current into direct
current (rectification)

Transistor

amplifies current
acts as an electronic switch

Inductors

allows direct current to pass through but

opposes the flow of alternating current
stores energy in magnetic field

Transformers

ITeach Science Form 5

raises or lowers the voltage of an

alternating current

Past Year Question

Topik 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Menganalisis Komunikasi Radio

Komponen Elektronik Dalam Radio
Komponen

Simbol

Fungsi

Perintang

Menyekat aliran arus elektrik

Kapasitor

Menyimpan cas elektrik

Menghalang arus terus (DC)

Diod
Transistor

Induktor

Transformer

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Membenarkan arus mengalir dalam stu

arah sahaja
Menguatkan arus
Bertindak sebagai suis elektronik
Membenarkan arus terus mengalir tetapi
menghalang arus ulang-alik .
Menyimpan tenaga dalam medan magnet
Mengubah voltan arus ulang-alik.

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Analysing Radio Communication

Radio Communication System - Transmitter
sound
waves

amplifier

audio signal
Modulated
radio wave

microphone

signal

Strengthen
audio signal

Sound waves
change to
electric signals
or audio signal

modulator
Audio signals
combine with
radio wave
signals

oscillator
Produces radio waves

radio frequency signal

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Transmitting
tower

amplifier
Strengthen
modulated radio
wave

Topik 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Menganalisis Komunikasi Radio

Sistem Komunikasi Radio - Pemancar
Gelombang
bunyi

amplifier

Isyarat audio
Gelombang
Radio
dimodulasi

mikrofon

Menguatkan isyarat
audio

Menukar gelombang
bunyi kepada isyarat
audio (dalam bentuk
elektrik)

Pengayun

Isyarat

modulator
Isyarat audio
bergabung
dengan isyarat
gelombang
radio.

Menghasilkan gelombang
radio

Isyarat frekuensi radio

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Menara
pemancar

amplifier
Menguatkan
gelombang radio
yang dimodulasi

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Analysing Radio Communication

Radio Communication System - Receiver

radio waves with

different frequencies

aerial
Receives
radio waves

Convert audio
signals into
sound waves

Tuner
Consists of variable
capacitor and inductor
Selects the required
radio waves

ITeach Science Form 5

loudspeaker

electric signal
(same shape)

audio signal

Demodulator
Consist of diode and
capacitor
Separates radio
signals from audio
signals

amplifier
Strength audio
signals

Topik 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Menganalisis Komunikasai Radio

Sistem Komunikasi Radio Penerima Radio

Gelombang radio dengan

frekuensi berlainan

aerial

Menukarkan isyarat
audio
kepada
gelombang bunyi

Pembesar suara

Isyarat elektrik

Isyarat audio

Menerima
gelombang radio

Penala
Terdiri daripada satu
gegelung dan satu
kapasitor boleh ubah
Memilih
gelombang
radio
yang
dikehendaki

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Penyahmodulasi
Terdiri daripada satu amplifier
diod
dan
satu
Menguatkan isyarat
kapasitor
Mengasingkan isyarat audio
radio daripada isyarat
audio

Topic 8 Electronics And Information

And Communication Technology

8.3 Understanding satellite communication

ITeach Science Form 5

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Analysing Satellite Communication

Satellite Communication
How the satellite communication system works,
Geostationary Satellite : placed in space and orbiting around
the Earth but apparently station to Earth as it orbits at the
same
velocity as the Earths orbit
i.
M
i
pa cro
ss w a
io th ve
ii. Satellite
no r o s
sp ug ign
relays signal
he h al
back to Earth
re the s

Dish like
aerial

iii. Satellite ground

station

Satellite
ground station

Television station
Telephone, internet, telex, facsimile

Dish like
aerial : Used
for sending
and receiving
signal from
satellites
Hand phone

Television station

i.

Dish like aerial send signals to satellite using radio waves or microwaves.

ii.

Solar energy generates electrical energy at the satellite used to amplify signals before
they are transmitted back to the earth.

iii. Returned signals are received by another dish-like aerial.

ITeach Science Form 5

Topik 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Memahami Komunikasi Satelit

Komunikasi Satelit
Bagaimana sistem komunikasi satelit berfungsi,

Aerial
berbentuk
cakera

Satelit segerak : Satelit yang berputar mengelilingi Bumi.

Satelit segerak kelihatan seperti tidak bergerak kerana ia
berputar dengan kelajuan yang sama dengan putaran
Bumi.
i.
G
m el o
Aerial berbentuk
el m
a l ba
cakera
:
ui n
ii. Satelit
io g m
menerima
no i
memancarkan
dan
sf kro
isyarat semula
er
menghantar
a
ke Bumi
isyarat
ke
iii. Stesen
satelit
iii. Stesen satelit di
satelit di
Bumi
Bumi
Television station

Telefon bimbit

Telefon, internet, teleks, faks

Stesen televisyen
i.
Aerial berbentuk cakera menghantar isyarat ke satelit menggunakan gelombang radio atau
gelombang mikro.
ii. Tenaga solar menjana tenaga elektrik di satelit dan digunakan untuk menguatkan isyarat
sebelum isyarat dipancarkan ke Bumi.
iii. Isyarat diterima oleh aerial berbentuk cakera.
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Analysing Satellite Communication

World-wide Coverage By Three Satellites
One geostationary satellite can cover approximately
40 percent of the Earths surface.
Three satellite INTELSAT I, II and III are needed for
worldwide coverage.
They enable fast and efficient international
communication via email, internet, telephone, fax,
telex, radio and television.

Advantages of satellite communication

a) Effective communication and direct telecast with least disturbance and
interference due to atmospheric condition.
b) Unlimited coverage can cover anywhere in the world.
c) Accommodate more information and able to support wide range of devices
and application.
ITeach Science Form 5

Past Year Question

Topik 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Memahami Komunikasi Satelit

Liputan Sedunia Oleh Tiga Satelit Segerak
Setiap satelit segerak dapat meliputi lebih kurang 40%
daripada permukaan Bumi.
Tiga satelit iaitu INTELSAT I, II dan III diperlukan untuk
liputan sedunia
Satelit
segerak
memudahkan
komunikasi
antarabangsa seperti email, internet, telefon, faks,
teleks, radio dan televisyen.

Kelebihan Komunikasi Satelit

a) Komunikasi berkesan dan siaran serentak dengan kurang gangguan kerana
gelombang mikro boleh menembusi ionosfera tanpa halangan seperti
keadaan atmosfera atau gunung-ganang.
b) Liputan tanpa had Liputan tanpa had termasuk tempat terpencil.
c) Boleh digunakan oleh banyak alat dan aplikasi.
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 8 Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

Analysing Satellite Communication

Uses of satellites other than communication
Navigation
used in cars, ships and aircraft.
wildlife tracking devices.

Weather
monitor weather and
climate of the earth

Surveillance
gathering intelligence
provide protection

ITeach Science Form 5

Uses of
satellites

Exploration

sensing
crop,
spillage of oil or
chemical and fishing
spot

Scientific
astronomical observation

Topik 8 Elektronik dan ICT (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi)

Memahami Komunikasi Satelit

Kegunaan Satelit Selain daripada Komunikasi
Satelit Pelayaran
Digunakan dalam kereta, kapal dan kapal
terbang.
Alat pengesan dalam mengesan haiwan liar

Satelit Cuaca
Mengkaji cuaca dan
iklim Bumi.
Memberi
amaran
tentang ribut, banjir.

Kegunaan
Satelit

Satelit Ketenteraan
Mengesan penceroboh
dan mengumpul maklumat
perisikan.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Pengesanan jauh dan

satelit geofizik
Mengesan bencana
alam, tumpahan minyak
atau bahan kimia.
Membantu
nelayan
mencari
tapak
perikanan.

Satelit saintifik
Pemerhatian saintik

The End

I - Teach

ITeach Science Form 5