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PREPARED BY:
Hj ELIAS MOHD DEN
B.Eng(Civil Eng)(Liverpool)
MSc (Water Eng)(Strathclyde)
UiTM PAHANG.
(e-mail: eliasalaf@pahang.uitm.edu.my)
THE SUB-TOPICS
1.1 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
1.2 CATCHMENT AND WATER BUDGET
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson students should be able to :
1. Describe the process of hydrological cycle.
2. Calculate the various components of hydrological
cycle using the
water budget equations.
Introduction to Hydrology
Hydrology Science of water that deals with the occurrence ,
circulation and distribution of water on earth, underground and in
the atmosphere.
Most of hydrological works is concerned with measurement,
correlation and prediction of hydrological data.
Examples:- measurement of precipitation that occurs in a particular
area
- prediction of floods or extreme rainfall events
- correlation of precipitation and streamflow
Measurements may be used to determine parameters such as min
flow in river, storage
required for water supply during drought, max flow through
reservoir for spillway design and etc.
Hydrology can be divided into ;(i) Surface water hydrology tackles area between atmosphere and
surface of earth.
(ii) Groundwater hydrology - tackles the subsurface portion of the earth.
sun
clou
d
Evaporatio
n, (E)
ocean
Runoff,
(R)
Transpiration, (T)
Infiltration,
(G)
River/strea
m
Simplified view of
the Hydrological
Cycle
Groundwater
(WT)
From oceans evaporation takes place , releases water vapour , and its
accumulation will result in cloud formation. The cloud rise due to
mountain ranges . As it rises , it cools , condenses and converts
back into liquid and falls as (P). Part will evaporate back, others may
be intercepted by vegetations and evaporate back to atmosphere
thro (T). Part infiltrate (G) into ground until it reaches WT. The
remaining will flow over earths surface as ( R) . The runoff flows into
streams where its ending point is to flow back to the ocean and this
Example 2.
A lake had a water surface elevation of 100.0 m above datum at the
beginning of a certain month. In that month lake received inflow of 5.0
m3/s from runoff and outflow of 5.5 m3/s. Further in that month , the lake
received a rainfall of 135 mm and evaporation from lake was estimated
to be 60 mm. The average surface area of lake was 45 km 2. Write the
water budget equation and calculate the new water surface elevation at
the end of the month.
135 mm
5.5m3/s
3
5
m
/s
Solution.
60 mm
h
100 m
A = 45 km2
WBE ,
S / t = I - O ------ (1)
Inflow : ( 5 x 1 x 30 x 24 x 3600 ) + 0.135 x 45 x 10
= 19.03 x
106 m3
6
Example 3.
In a given year , a catchment with an area of 2000 km2 received 1500 mm
of rainfall. The average rate of flow in river draining the area was 30 m 3/s .
Estimate the amount of water lost due to the combined effects of
evaporation, transpiration and infiltration to the ground. Calculate the
runoff coefficient of the area.
Solution.
P =1500 mm
A = 2000
km2
L=?
R = 30
x 3600)
/ (2000 x 106 )
m3/s
= 1027 mm
from (iv) , P = R + L
0.315
5. t = 1.33 x 105 s
S = - 28, 800 m3
S2 = 31 200 m3
4. L = -274 x 104 m3
7.
6.
9. L = 92.2 cm , C
S = 0.463 x 109 m3
E = 0.145 m
8. L = 0.057 m , C = 0.457