Slides - Lec Chapter 1 - Introduction

01 Introduction to
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
Outline
Introduction
Definition by parts
Definition by functionalities
Definition by goals
Operating Systems
What is an Operating
System?
There are many definitions for what an Operating System is

and what it does.
Definition by parts
Definition by functionality
Definition by goals
We will discuss these definitions in this chapter
Operating Systems
Everyday Definition
One might consider the Operating System to be the

program that comes with the computer when you first buy it.
Operating Systems
Everyday Definition
But not all the components of the Operating System do

really help out with operating the system
Is Minesweeper part of the Operating System?
Is your web browser part of the Operating System?
Do these applications have to be running for you to use the

computer?
?
Operating Systems
Better definition: Kernel
The operating system is the one program that is running all

the time
Oftentimes called the system kernel
The kernel is the program that provides all the basic

functionalities that make your computer work.
All other programs are considered to be applications which
use the functionalities provided by the kernel
Operating Systems
Outline
Introduction
Definition by parts
Definition by goals
Operating Systems
Layered View
Let us take a look at the whole picture
Operating Systems
Layered View
Physical Devices
The raw transistors, mechanical switches, wires, capacitors of your

computer.
Operating Systems
Layered View
Microarchitecture
Organization of the physical devices into circuits designed to store

bits, perform simple mathematical / logical operators, send/receive
data over wire, load/save data into physical medium
Operating Systems
10
Layered View
Machine Language
The programming language of your CPU
Instructions to the microarchitecture to do tasks
Some instructions take several microarchitecture compononents /

operations (such as number comparison)
Instructions are dependent on hardware
Operating Systems
11
Layered View
Operating System Kernel
Machine language is often very complicated
Operating System abstracts machine language from layers above it
Programs above are abstracted as to where in memory they run
Multiple programs running on a single processor
Save file instruction instead of write data into track 5, cylinder 9, sector 15
instruction
Runs in supervisor mode
OS kernel program is oftentimes protected by hardware from user tampering
Can execute instructions not given to programs in user mode
Operating Systems
12
Layered View
System tools
Additional programs provided by the Operating System publisher
Not part of the kernel but an integral part of the OS
Ex. Command Line, Compilers, Program for password changing...
Runs in user mode, access to only a small subset of instructions

allowed to the kernel
Operating Systems
13
Layered View
Application Programs
User programs such as word processing, games, web browser, etc...
Operating Systems
14
Layered View
As can be seen, OS acts as intermediary between the

hardware and user programs
Provides a simpler view of the underlying hardware for the user

programs
Translate user program instructions to hardware instructions
Operating Systems
15
Outline
Introduction
Definition by parts
Definition by goals
Operating Systems
16
Major functionalities
What functionalities does the OS provide to the layers above

it then?
Process handling
Memory Management
Input/Output Management
File storage
Protection System
Command Interpreter System
Operating Systems
17
Process Management
Normal computer use now requires multiple applications to

run at the same time.
Operating Systems
18
Process Management
However, CPU can only run one instruction at a time!

Operating systems provide task switching functionalities
allowing multiple processes to run concurrently
Have to deal with issues such as process deadlocks,
synchronization and race condition
Operating Systems
19
Memory Management
Executing programs require memory space to run
OS answers some of the following functionalities
Allocation and deallocation of memory for programs
Where to load program into memory. Have to deal with the problem
of non-contiguous space allocation
What if there is not enough space in memory but a lot of idle

programs?
What if a program needs more memory than that was initially

allocated for it?
Operating Systems
20
I/O Management
Programming an application used to mean programming

every type of hardware that could be used with it.
Operating Systems
21
I/O Management
Now, the operating system provides a generic interface for

whatever hardware is being used for the computer
The I/O Management addresses other issues like
What if multiple programs all send data to the printer at the same
time?
Operating Systems
22
File Storage
Of course computer usage does not only involve running

programs or input/output to devices
A good portion of your hard disk space is data (document files,

music files, video files, etc...)
The Operating System should
Be able to create, delete, manipulate, move, load and save files
Be able to manage directories
Know where files are actually stored in the hard disk, floppy, USB,
etc.
Provide an easy and standard way for applications to use the above
operations (i.e. Saving to USB should not be different to hard disk)
Operating Systems
23
File Storage
Need to now things like
Where the file is stored in hard disk
How does the OS know if that area of the hard disk is free or not
How to load the data efficiently
Who can access the file (security)
Is the file readable, writable, or executable?
How to handle saving files if they have to be spread out (no single
block of continuous space large enough to store file)
Operating Systems
24
Protection System
OS handles multiple processes by multiple users
OS acts as an authorization system
Control access to resources
does User A have the right to modify file made by User B?
Can user C use the printer?
Process D should not be able to access memory of Process D
Operating Systems
25
Command Interpreter
OS must provide a way for users to enter commands
Command-line interpreter or shell
Graphical User Interface
Operating Systems
26
Outline
Introduction
Definition by parts
Definition by goals
Operating Systems
27
Goals
We have seen where the operating system resides in the

computer, and what operating system provides the user, we
now ask the question:
What are the goals of an operating system?
According to Silberschatz, et al. these are:
Convenience
Efficiency
Operating Systems
28
Convenience
One of the goals of the Operating System is to make it very

easy for users to access and use the computer
Abstraction of hardware details
Simple to use instructions for programs
User-friendliness
Operating Systems
29
Efficiency
The other goal of the operating system is to operate the

computer to its potential
Do other tasks while waiting for user input
Allow for multiple tasks to operate at the same time
Organize files in the hard disk and processes in memory for speedy
access
Operating Systems
30
Exercises
1) Open the task manager of your computer to view the
working processes and see the active processes. Go online
to find out what each processes does.
1) What processes do you think are part of the operating system, what
parts do you consider to be application programs?
2) Try to terminate the programs you think are application programs.
Can you still use your computer even if these application programs
are not running? (dont worry, restarting your computer will make it
work again)
2) Are these two goals for operating systems enough? What

other operating system goals should there be?
Operating Systems
31
Sources
Linux screenshot - http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/show-all-running-processes-in-linux/
Colonization soundcard picture Sid Meyer's Colonization, Microprose, 1994
Firefox logo Mozilla Firefox
Warcraft III picture Blizzard Entertainment
OS Definition Silberschatz, Galvin.Operating Systems Concepts.
Operating Systems
32

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01 Introduction to

There are many definitions for what an Operating System is

We will discuss these definitions in this chapter

One might consider the Operating System to be the

But not all the components of the Operating System do

Is Minesweeper part of the Operating System?

Is your web browser part of the Operating System?

Do these applications have to be running for you to use the

Better definition: Kernel

The operating system is the one program that is running all

Oftentimes called the system kernel

The kernel is the program that provides all the basic

Let us take a look at the whole picture

The raw transistors, mechanical switches, wires, capacitors of your

Organization of the physical devices into circuits designed to store

The programming language of your CPU

Instructions to the microarchitecture to do tasks

Some instructions take several microarchitecture compononents /

Instructions are dependent on hardware

Operating System Kernel

Machine language is often very complicated

Operating System abstracts machine language from layers above it

Programs above are abstracted as to where in memory they run

Multiple programs running on a single processor

Runs in supervisor mode

OS kernel program is oftentimes protected by hardware from user tampering

Can execute instructions not given to programs in user mode

Additional programs provided by the Operating System publisher

Not part of the kernel but an integral part of the OS

Ex. Command Line, Compilers, Program for password changing...

Runs in user mode, access to only a small subset of instructions

User programs such as word processing, games, web browser, etc...

As can be seen, OS acts as intermediary between the

Provides a simpler view of the underlying hardware for the user

Translate user program instructions to hardware instructions

What functionalities does the OS provide to the layers above

Command Interpreter System

Normal computer use now requires multiple applications to

However, CPU can only run one instruction at a time!

Executing programs require memory space to run

OS answers some of the following functionalities

Allocation and deallocation of memory for programs

What if there is not enough space in memory but a lot of idle

What if a program needs more memory than that was initially

Programming an application used to mean programming

Now, the operating system provides a generic interface for

Of course computer usage does not only involve running

A good portion of your hard disk space is data (document files,

The Operating System should

Be able to create, delete, manipulate, move, load and save files

Be able to manage directories

Need to now things like

Where the file is stored in hard disk

How to load the data efficiently

Who can access the file (security)

Is the file readable, writable, or executable?

OS handles multiple processes by multiple users

OS acts as an authorization system

Control access to resources

does User A have the right to modify file made by User B?

Can user C use the printer?

Process D should not be able to access memory of Process D

OS must provide a way for users to enter commands

Command-line interpreter or shell