Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HVAC systems
Have common basic elements;
Categorized by the way they distribute energy and
ventilation;
How they are controlled;
By their equipment arrangement.
Basics of HVAC
10
11
14
Zone
A conditioned space under the
control of one thermostat.
Because conditions vary in most typical zones, it is important that
the thermostat be in a location free from local disturbances or
sunlight and where the temperature is most nearly the average over
the occupied space.
Spaces with stringent requirements for cleanliness, humidity,
temperature control, and/or air distribution are usually isolated as
separate zones within the larger building and served by separate
systems and furnished with precision controls. For applications
requiring close aseptic or contamination control of the environment,
such as surgical operating rooms, all-air systems generally are used
to provide adequate dilution of the air in the controlled space.
15
Mechanical Rooms
Most of HVAC equipment is located in one or more mechanical rooms.
The energy and moisture addition or removal, the ventilation, and the
removal of pollutants can be accomplished by the equipment in the
mechanical room. Normally mechanical rooms are outside the conditioned
area, in a basement, on the roof, or in a service area at the core of the
building. Mechanical rooms reduce the noise, spills, and mechanical
maintenance that might otherwise occur in the occupied spaces. Equipment
normally found in the central mechanical room includes:
Fans or air handlers for moving air with associated dampers and filters
Pumps for moving heated or chilled water and appropriate control valves
Heat exchangers for transferring energy from one fluid stream to another
Flow measuring and control devices
Chillers and furnace or boiler equipment
Energy should be released somewhere (heat sink)
16
Fans
Heating cooling load
Filters
Humidifier
Controlling dampers
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Multi-Zones
The multi-zone central units provide a single supply duct for each
zone and obtain zone control by mixing hot and cold air at the
central unit in response to room or zone thermostats.
26
Multi-Zones (direction)
27
Multi-Zones
The main benefits of residential zoning are:
Comfort - meets the specific temperature and airflow
requirements of one area, without affecting other areas
Efficiency - a well designed zoning system can save you hundreds
of dollars in energy costs each year
Control - divides the building into multiple areas with adjustable
comfort levels
Quiet Performance - delivers peak performance and efficiency
without continually operating at peak capacity; less noise
generated at lower speeds
28
Multi-Zone
Parameters
effects zoning:
Orientation of
the building
Application
29
Multi-Zones
All-air System
Having VAV box
for each room
30
Multi-Zones
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Chiller
A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vaporcompression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be
circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required.
40
Cooling Tower
Air supply
Cooling down by evaporation
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
41
42
Steam Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid
does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use
in various processes or heating applications.
43
Air-water systems
Air-and-Water HVAC is primarily used in perimeter building
spaces with high sensible heating and cooling loads: Office
buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries and others where the systems
can meet and comply with the design criteria.
44
Air-water systems
Air-and-Water
HVAC
45
Air-water systems
Air-and-Water
HVAC
Central Plant
46
47
48
Air-water systems
8. It is possible to provide simultaneous cooling and heating using
primary air and secondary water.
9. Space requirement is reduced, as the amount of primary supplied
is less than that of an all air systems.
10. Since no latent heat transfer is required in the cooling coil kept in
the conditioned space, the coil operates dry and its life thereby
increases and problems related to odors or fungal growth in
conditioned space is avoided.
49
Air-water systems
11. The conditioned space can sometimes be heated with the help of
the heating coil and secondary air, thus avoiding supply of primary
air during winter.
12. Service of indoor units is relatively simpler compared to all water
systems.
50
51
52
Direct Refrigerant
55
Direct Refrigerant
Direct Refrigeration also know as DX(direct expansion)
system;
System in which the cooling effect is obtained from the
expansion of liquid refrigerant into vapor;
The refrigerant is used to directly transport heat from the
space to be cooled to the space where heat is released;
The heat from the cooling object is taken up in the
evaporator and released in the condenser.
57
58
Rooftop units
59
Rooftop units
60
62
63
Summary
64
66
3. All water systems: The all-water system uses water as fluid for the
thermal distribution system. Since water is the only fluid transported
between the air conditioning plant and the conditioned space, separate
provision must be made for supplying the required amount of treated
outdoor air to meet ventilation requirements. As in all systems that use
water as energy transfer fluid, the all-water systems can be classified
into 2-pipe and 4-pipe systems. A 2-pipe system can be used for either
cooling only or heating only application. The 2-pipe system cannot be
used simultaneously for cooling and heating. Instead the 4-pipe system
is used.
68
69
The END
70