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Classification of Igneous,
Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
ROCK CYCLE
Equilibrium
Interrelationships between
igneous rocks
sediment
sedimentary rocks
metamorphic rocks
weathering and erosion
IGNEOUS ROCKS
EXTRUSIVE
Volcanic- Fine-grained
INTRUSIVE
Plutonic- Coarse-grained
MAGMA
Molten Rock
Generated at depth
Eruptions if magma (lava) reaches surface
If doesnt reach surface, Solidifies underground
Igneous Rocks
Names based on mineral
composition reflects chemical
composition of the magma and...
Grain size
Very coarse-grained Pegmatitic
Coarse-grained: Phaneritic > 1 mm.
Fine-grained: Aphanitic < 1 mm.
Porphyritic- 2 crystal sizes
Igneous RocksClassification
Fine-Grained
Volcanic (Extrusive)
Rhyolite (Sialic)
Andesite
Basalt (Mafic)
High in Si + O
Low in Fe + Mg
Mostly feldspar &
Light-colored
quartz
Low in Si + O
High in Fe + Mg
no quartz, abundant ferromagnesian minerals
Dark colored
WEATHERING, EROSION,
TRANSPORTATION
Weathering- Physical disintegration and
chemical decomposition of rocks
Erosion- Physical removal
Transportation- Movement of eroded particles
Chemical vs. Physical Weathering
Effects of weathering
Physical Weathering
Differential Weathering
Frost Action
Exfoliation
Organic Action
ROCK CYCLE
Relative Percentages of
Sedimentary Rocks
SEDIMENT
Particle size
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Clastic or Detrital
Chemical- inorganic precipitation or
evaporation
Biochemical- Organic remains
shells, charcoal, plant fragments
Quartz Sandstone
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Carbonate Rocks
Limestone- made of calcite
Inorganic varieties
micrite, oolites, travertine
Dolomite
Recrystallization
Chert- silica
Evaporites
Rock gypsum
Rock salt
BIOCHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Coal
Develops from peat
plant fragments
Lignite
Bituminous Coal
Carbonate Rocks
Limestone- made of calcite
organic varieties
Coquina
Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk
SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils
Mudcracks
Energy Resources
Oil and Gas
Coal
U.S. Coal
Production
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism
Increase in Pressure; increase in Temperature
Burial
Contact
Regional
Metamorphic rock
Pre-existing rock
Parent rock
Foliation
Classification
A- Slate
C- Phyllite
D- Schist
E- Gneiss
F- Migmatite
Classification