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Lecture(5): Conduction

By: Nihad Omer Hassan

Steady versus Transient


Heat Transfer
Heat transfer problems are often
classified as being steady (also called
steady state) or transient (also called
unsteady).
The term steady implies no change
with time at any point within the
medium, while transient implies
variation with time or time
dependence.
Most heat transfer problems
encountered in practice are transient
in nature, but they are usually
analyzed under some presumed
steady conditions since steady
processes are easier to analyze
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Multidimensional Heat
Transfer
Heat transfer problems
are classified as being one-dimensional,
two-dimensional, or three-dimensional.

In three-dimensional (the most common) the temperature


varies along all three primary directions within the medium during
the heat transfer process.

The temperature in a medium, in some cases, varies mainly in two


primary directions, and the variation of temperature in the third
direction is negligible. A heat transfer problem in that is said to be
two-dimensional.

A heat transfer problem is said to be one-dimensional if the


temperature in the medium varies in one direction only and thus
heat is transferred in one direction, and the variation of
temperature and thus heat transfer in other directions are
negligible or zero.
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Multidimensional Heat
Transfer
Fouriers law of heat
conduction for one-dimensional heat
conduction is:

In rectangular coordinates, the heat conduction vector can


be expressed in terms of its components as

Here Ax, Ay and Az are heat conduction areas normal to the


x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively.
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ONE-DIMENSIONAL
HEAT CONDUCTION
EQUATION

Heat Conduction Equation in a


Large Plane Wall
Consider a thin element of
thickness x in a large plane
wall, as shown in the Figure.
Assume the density of the
wall is , the specific heat is
C, and the area of the wall
normal to the direction of
heat transfer is A.

Specific Heat Capacity (C


or S ) - The quantity of
heat required to raise the
temperature
of
a
substance by one degree
Celsius is called the
specific heat capacity
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Heat Conduction Equation in a


Large Plane Wall

An energy balance on this thin element during a small time


interval t can be expressed as:

Or:

But the change in the energy content of the element and


the rate of heat generation within the element can be
expressed as

Heat Conduction Equation in a


Large Plane Wall
Substituting into the energy balance equation, we get

Dividing by Ax gives:

Taking the limit as x 0 and t 0 yields

since, from the definition of the derivative and Fouriers law


of heat conduction,

Heat Conduction Equation in a


Large Plane Wall

Noting that the area A is constant for a plane wall, the onedimensional transient heat conduction equation in a plane
wall becomes:

= k/C is the thermal


diffusivity of the
material

Heat Conduction Equation in a


Large Plane Wall
special cases are summarized as:

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Heat Conduction Equation in a Long


Cylinder

consider a thin cylindrical


shell element of thickness
r in a long cylinder, as
shown in Figure.

Assume the density of the


cylinder is , the specific
heat is C, and the length
is L. The area of the
cylinder normal to the
direction of heat transfer
at any location is A = 2rL
where r is the value of the
radius at that location.

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Heat Conduction Equation in a


Long Cylinder

An energy balance on the thin cylindrical shell element


during a small time interval t can be expressed as

Or:

The change in the energy content of the element and the


rate of heat generation within the element can be
expressed as

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Heat Conduction Equation in a


Long Cylinder

Substituting into energy balance Eq, we get

dividing the equation above by Ar gives

Taking the limit as r 0 and t 0 yields

since, from the definition of the derivative and Fouriers law


of heat conduction,

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Heat Conduction Equation in a


Long Cylinder

Noting that the heat transfer area in this case is A = 2rL,


the one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation in
a cylinder becomes

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Heat Conduction Equation in a


Long Cylinder
special cases are summarized as:

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Heat Conduction Equation in a Sphere

consider
a
sphere
with
density , specific heat C, and
outer radius R. The area of
the sphere normal to the
direction of heat transfer at
any location is A = 4r2, where
r is the value of the radius at
that location.

considering a thin spherical


shell element of thickness r
and repeating the approach
described above for the
cylinder by using A = 4r2
instead of A = 2rL,
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Heat Conduction Equation in a


Sphere
The one-dimensional transient heat conduction
equation for a sphere is determined to be

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Heat Conduction Equation in a


Sphere
special cases are summarized as:

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Combined One-Dimensional Heat


Conduction Equation
The one-dimensional transient heat conduction
equations for the plane wall, cylinder, and sphere
can be expressed in a compact form as

Where:
n = 0 for a plane wall.
n = 1 for a cylinder.
n = 2 for a sphere.

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Quiz
Consider a medium in which the heat conduction
equation is given in its simplest form as

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?


(b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional?
(c) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium
constant or variable?
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Quiz: Solution
(a) Heat transfer is steady.
(b) It is one-dimensional.
(c) There is heat generation.
(d) The thermal conductivity is
variable.

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Steady Heat Conduction in


Plane Walls
Consider steady heat conduction through the walls of
a house during a winter day.
And there will be no heat transfer through the wall
from the top to the bottom, or from left to right, but
there will be considerable temperature difference
between the inner and the outer surfaces of the wall.
The temperature of the wall in this case will depend
on one direction only (say the x-direction) and can be
expressed as T(x).
Steady Heat Conduction

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Steady Heat Conduction in


Plane Walls
Noting that heat transfer is the only energy interaction
involved in this case and there is no heat generation, the
energy balance for the wall can be expressed as

Or:
But dEwall/dt = 0 for steady operation. Therefore, the rate
of heat transfer into the wall must be equal to the rate of
heat transfer out of it. In other words, the rate of heat
transfer through the wall must be constant, Qcond, wall =
constant.
Steady Heat Conduction

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Steady Heat Conduction in


Plane Walls
Consider a plane wall of thickness L and average thermal
conductivity k. The two surfaces of the wall are maintained
at constant temperatures of T1 and T2.
Fouriers law of heat conduction for the wall can be
expressed as:

And integrating from x = 0, where T(0) = T 1, to x = L, where


T(L) = T2, we get

Performing the integrations and rearranging gives


Steady Heat Conduction

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Example:
One-dimensional steady-state conduction, with no
internal heat generation, occurs across a plane
wall having a constant thermal conductivity of
30W/mK, The material is 30 cm thick. For each
case listed in the table below, determine the
unknown quantities.

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h
T

k
n
a
s

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