Major Satellite

Communications Systems
in the World

Presented by

13108002
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 Introduction
The use of satellite in communication systems has become very common now -
a- days. This is because the satellite can see a very large area of the earth.

Hence satellites can form a star point of a communication net, to link many users
together, simultaneously. This will include users widely separated geographically.

A communication satellite is a station in space that is used for

telecommunication, radio and television signals.

Satellites are specifically made for telecommunication purpose. They are used
for mobile applications such as communication to ships, vehicles, planes, hand-
held terminals and for TV and radio broadcasting.

The construction and launch cost of a satellite are extremely high.

Therefore a satellite communication system is economical only where the system

is used continuously and a large number of users use it.

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 History
In 1954, the moon became the first passive satellite
1957, Russia launched Sputnik 1, the first active earth satellite which transmitted
telemetry information for21 days.
1958, NASA launched Score, which recorded and rebroadcasted Pres. Eisenhower
Christmas message.
1960, NASA launched Echo, a 100ft diameter balloonwithaluminumcoating whichis
usedforthe first transatlantictransmission. Also Courier, the first transponder type
satellite which transmitted 3W ofpower for 17 days, was launched by DoD.
1962, AT&T launched Telstar I,the first satellite to simultaneously receive and transmit
signals and was destroyed by Van Allenbelt radiation. 1963, Telstar II waslaunched and
was the first to transmit transatlantic video signals.
1963,Syncom I was the first attempt to place geosynchronous satellite into orbit and was
lost during injection.
In 1964, Tokyo Olympics was broadcast using Syncom III which was launched in August
1964
1965,Intelsat (Early Bird) was the first commercial satellite with two transponders and a
25-MHzbandwidth to carry one TV and480 voicechannels.
In 1966, Soviet Union launched the first set ofdomestic satellites (Domsats) , called
Molniya lightning, which are owned operated andusedby a single country.
1972, Anik little brother which is Canadas first commercial satellite was launched
1975, Western Unions Westar was launched
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 Satellite Communication
Satellite is a physical object that orbits a celestial body.
Some satellites are natural, like the moon, which is a natural
satellite of the earth. Other satellites are made by scientists and
technologists to go around the earth and do certain jobs.
Some satellites send and receive television signals. The signal is
sent from a station on the earths surface.
The satellite receives the signal and rebroadcasts it to other
places on the earth.

Communication satellite containing electronics equipment acts as a

repeater or relay station between two earth station.
Transponder is the basic component of a communication satellite.

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Satellite Communication

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Principle of Satellite Communication
A geostationary communication satellite is basically a relay station in
space.
It receives signal from one earth station, amplifies it, improves the
signal quality and radiate the signal back to other earth stations.
Such a relay system allows us to communicate with any corner of the
world.
Satellite System: The use of orbiting satellites to relay transmissions
from one satellite dish to another or multiple dishes .

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 How Does a Satellite
Communication Work?
Two stations on earth want to communicate through radio
broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.
An earth station sends message in GHz range. (Uplink)
The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it
down to the second earth station.(Downlink)
Other earth Stations receive message in useful strength
area
Some major main earth stations are Buikt Timah satellite
earth station in Singapore, Goldstone Deep space
communications complex in California , US, Suparco
satellite center in Pakistan.

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 How Does a Satellite
Communication Work?

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 Satellite Communication Systems
Communication Satellites are originators of information.
They instead relay stations for other sources.
Here we deal with the following concepts:
1. Transponders
2. Satellite Frequency Allocations
3. Satellite Bandwidth
4. Increasing Channel Capacity
Transponders:
- Satellite contains a receiver which picks up the transmitted
signal, amplifies it, and translates it into another frequency.
- The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as
Transponder.
- Uplink Up to 6GHz Downlink Up to 4GHz
- Typical transponder has a wide bandwidth. But use only a single
signal to minimize interference and to improve communication
reliability.
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Satellite Communication Systems

Satellite Frequency Allocations:

- Most satellites operate in microwave frequency spectrum.

- It is divided up into frequency bands which have been allocated into

satellite as well as other communications services such as radar.

- The most widely used satellite communications band is the C band.

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 Satellite Communication Systems
Different kinds of satellites use different frequency
bands:
LBand: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space
research
C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in
terrestrial imaging, ex: military and meteorological
satellites
Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
(DBS)
K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS
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Satellite Communication Systems

Increasing Channel Capacity:

- Although the transponders are quite capable, they
nevertheless rapidly become overloaded with traffic.
- For these reasons, numerous techniques have been
developed to effectively increase the band-width and signal
carrying capacity of the satellite.
- Two of these techniques are:
1. Frequency Reuse
2. Spatial Isolation

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 General Block Diagram of a Communications Satellite

Regulators, DC/DC Power

Charger and
Solar Panel Batteries
protection and Converters,
Sub
conditioning DC/AC Inverters
System
DC to all subsystem DC and AC to
Communication special subsystem
Subsystem
Altitude
Frequency Control
Receiver Transmitter
Translator Subsystem
Transponder
Other Transponders

I/Ps Telemetry,
Antenna Tracking, and Propulsion
from on-
Subsystem Control Subsystem
board
Subsystem
Communications sensors
Ctrl Sgls
Antennas
to all AKM 13
Telemetry Antenna subsystems Jet Thrusters
 Satellite Communication Systems
The various subsystems in a general communication satellites are:
1. Power Subsystem
2. Communication Subsystem
3. Antenna Subsystem
4. Telemetry, Tracking, and Control Subsystem
5. Propulsion Subsystem
6. Altitude Control Subsystem

Earth Station:
. The earth station on the ground is the terrestrial base of the system.

. The earth station communicates with the satellite to carry out designated mission.

. It may be located at the end users facilities or may be located with ground-based
intercommunication links between the earth station and the end user.

. Many earth stations are now located on top of tall buildings or in other urban
areas directly where the end user resides.

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 Satellite Communication Systems
The various subsystems in an earth station are:

1. Antenna Subsystem
2. Receive Subsystem
3. Transmit Subsystem
4. Ground Communication Equipment (GCE) Subsystem
1. GCE Transmit Subsystem
2. GCE Receive Subsystem
5.Power Subsystem

. There are four types of satellite handovers. They are:

1. Intra-satellite Handover
2. Inter-satellite handover
3. Gateway Handover
4. Inter-system Handover
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 Satellite Routing

Inter Satellite
Link
UL r
(M Use
) (ISL)

M ink
GWL
Gateway Link

ob (
L
nk e
Li bil

ile MU
(GWL)
o

Us L)
M

er
Spot Beam

Base Station
Or
Fo Gateway
ot
Pr
int

ISDN PSTN GSM

User Data 16
 Elements of Satellite
Communication
The basic elements of a communication satellite service are divided between;
1.Space Segment
2.Ground Segment
The space segment consist of the spacecraft & launch mechanism.

The ground segment comprises the earth station and network control center of entire
satellite system.

Space Segment includes:

Satellite

Means for launching satellite

Electrical Power System

Mechanical structure

Communication transponders

Communication Antennas

Attitude and orbit control system

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 Elements of Satellite
Communication
The ground segment consists of:

Earth Stations

Rear Ward Communication links

User terminals and interfaces

Network control centre

Transmit equipment.

Receive equipment.

Antenna system

The ground Segment of each service has distinct characteristics. Services like;
FSS (Fixed Service Satellite)
BSS (Broadcast Service Satellite)
MSS (Mobile Service Satellite)
Maritime, Aeronautical & Land base DBS etc..

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 Types of Satellite
Satellites

Natural Artificial
Satellites Satellites
Based on
Based on
Orbiting
Application
the Earth

Remote Sensing
Geostationary Satellites
E.g.: Moon
Satellites
Meteorological
Medium Earth Satellites
Orbiting Satellites
Communication
Low Earth Satellites
Orbiting Satellites
Navigation
Highly Elliptical Satellites
Orbiting Satellites
Scientific and
Polar Military Satellites
Satellites 19
 Natural Satellite
Natural Satellites:

Anatural satelliteormoonis acelestial bodythatorbitsaplanet or

smaller body, which is called theprimary. Technically, the term natural
satellitecould refer to a planet orbiting astar, or adwarf
galaxyorbiting a major galaxy.
E.g.: Moon

Figure: Jupiters Moons

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 Geostationary Earth Orbit
These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earths surface along
the equator.

Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same

speed as the earth rotates

This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the
surface of earth

Because of the long distance from earth it gives a large coverage area,
almost a fourth of the earths surface

But, this distance also cause it to have both a comparatively weak

signal and a time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point
communication.

High transmit power needed and launching of satellites to orbit are

complex and expensive.

Not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data
transmission, typically used for radio and TV transmission
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Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)

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Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
Advantages:
A GEO satellites distance from earth gives it a large coverage
area, almost a fourth of the earths surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other
multipoint applications.

Disadvantages:
A GEO satellites distance also cause it to have both a
comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the signal, which is
bad for point to point communication.
GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have difficulty
broadcasting signals to near polar regions

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 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and 18,000
km above the earths surface.

MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites

A MEO satellites longer duration of visibility and wider footprint

means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO
network

A MEO satellites distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker

signal than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite

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 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

Advantage:
A MEO satellites longer duration of visibility and wider
footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network
than a LEO network.

Disadvantage:
A MEO satellites distance gives it a longer time delay and
weaker signal than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO
satellite.

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 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites,
ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface

LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and
are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass

A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful

Handover necessary from one satellite to another

Need for routing

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 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

ISL Inter Satellite Link

GWL Gateway Link
UML User Mobile Link
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 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Advantages:
A LEO satellites proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite
gives it a better signal strength and less of a time delay, which
makes it better for point to point communication.
A LEO satellites smaller area of coverage is less of a waste of
bandwidth.

Disadvantages:
A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly
LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts cause by their
relative movement.
Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital

deterioration .
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 Highly Elliptical Orbiting & Polar
Satellites
Highly Elliptical Orbiting Satellites:

- Comprises of all satellites with a relatively low-

altitudeperigeeand an extremely high-altitudeapogee.
- It has the advantage of long dwell times at a point in the sky
during the approach to and descent from apogee.
- E.g.: USs Sirius Satellite
Polar Satellites:
- These satellites orbit from Northern Hemisphere to Southern
hemisphere. E.g.: PSLV, Polar Wind(USA)
- They follow highly elliptical orbit, inclined about 86 o with an
orbital period of 18 hours
- It gathers multi-wavelength imaging of the aurora, and
measures the entry ofplasmainto the polar magnetosphere,
etc
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Different Types of Satellite Orbits

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 Artificial Satellite based on
application
Remote Sensing Satellites:
- Are a series of Earth Observation satellites, which observes weather, landscapes,
atmosphere, oceanic surface, climate changes, urban planning, etc..
Two types of remote sensing --- 1. Active 2. Passive

Meteorological Satellites:
- a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the
Earth.
- Satellites can be either polar orbiting, or geostationary, etc..
It sees clouds and cloud systems, City lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and
dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows,
etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites.

Communication Satellites:
- They aid telecommunications, as by reflecting or relaying a radio.

- have been a significant part of domestic and global communications since the
1970s.

- Uses --- Telephony, Satellite TVs, Satellite Internet, Satellite Radio, Aircraft
communications, etc..
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 Artificial Satellite based on
application
Navigation Satellites:
- Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS) is the standard
generic term forsatellite navigation systemsthat provide
autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage.

- allows smallelectronicreceivers to determine their location

(longitude,latitude, andaltitude) to within a
fewmetersusingtime signalstransmitted along aline-of-sightby
radio fromsatellites.

- Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to

calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific
experiments.

- As of 2009, theUnited StatesNAVSTARGlobal Positioning

System(GPS).) is the only fully operational GNSS. 32
 Artificial Satellite based on
application
Military and Scientific Satellites:
- A military satellite is an artificial satellite used for a military
purpose, often for gathering intelligence, as a communications
satellite used for military purposes, or as a military weapon.

- Many cryptographic algorithms are used to encode the signals,

use special frequency ranges, advanced transmitting and
receiving equipments .

- Scientific satellites gather data for scientific analysis. This

includes observations of the atmosphere of our planet, the stars,
the sun and other parts of space.

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 Various Applications of Satellite

1. Remote Sensing Satellites

2. Meteorological / Weather Satellites

3. Communication Satellites

4. Navigation Satellites

5. Military Satellites

6. Space Exploration Satellites

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 Conclusion
Satellite systems are not aimed to replace terrestrial
system but at complementing them .
Satellites remain the best utilization used for
communications due to their speed and other advantages
mentioned in this presentation.

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THANK YOU

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