Introduction to E

ducational Techn
ology
 Technology
Greek word techne which means art or craft
A planned, systematic method of working to achieve planne
d outcomes a process not a product
The applied side of scientific development (Dale,1969)
Any valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived fr
om basic research using scientific method. (
http://en.wikipedia.org?wiki/Educational_technology#pers
pectives_and_meaning
)
All the ways people use their inventions and discoveries to s
atisfy their needs and desire.
(The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol 19)
 Educational Technology
Refers to the art or craft of responding to our educational nee
ds

Refers to how people use their inventions and discoveries to s

atisfy their educational needs and desires

A complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, i

deas, devices, and organization for analyzing problems and de
vising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to th
ose problems, involved in all aspects of human learning. (Asso
ciation for Educational Communications and Technology, 197
7. The definition of educational technology, 1-16, Washington
D.C.: AECT)
 Consists of designs and environments that engage learn
ers and reliable technique or method for engaging su
ch as cognitive learning strategies and critical thinking s
kills. (David H. Jonassen, et al 1999)

It is a theory about how problems in human learning are

identified and solved. (David H. Jonassen, Kyle L. Peck,
Brent G. Wilson, 1999)

A field involved in applying a complex, integrated proce

ss to analyze and solve problems in human learning. (D
avid H. Jonassen, et al 1999)
 Field study which is concerned with the practice of using ed
ucational methods and resources for the ultimate goal of fac
ilitating the learning process. (Lucido & Borabo, 1997)

A profession like teaching. It is made up of organized effort t

o implement the theory, intellectual technique and practical
application of educational technology. (David H. Jonassen, e
t al 1999)

It is the application of scientific findings in our method, proc

esses or procedure of working in the field of education in or
der to effect learning. It embraces curriculum and instructio
nal design, learning environment, theories of teaching-learni
ng. It is the use of all human inventions for teachers to realiz
e their mission to teach in order for the students to learn.
 Other terms associated with Educatio
nal Technology

Technology in education
The application of technology to any of those processes i
nvolved in operating the institutions which house the educ
ational enterprise.
It includes the application of technology to food, health, fi
nance, scheduling, grade, reporting and other processes w
hich support education within institutions.

Instructional Technology
Part of educational technology.
 It refers to those aspects of educational technology
that are concerned with instruction as contrasted to
designs and operations of educational institutions.
Systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evalu
ating that total process of learning and teaching in t
erms of specific objectives

Technology integration
Learning technologies to introduce, reinforce, suppl
ement and extend skills.

Educational media
Channels or avenues or instruments of communicati
on. Example are books, magazines, newspapers, radi
o, television and internet
Roles and Functions of Educational T
echnology
1. Arouse and sustain the interests and attention of the pupi
ls/students to learn.

2. Concretize abstract concepts/ideas to promotes meaning

ful learning.

3. Makes learning more permanent because of the rich exp

eriences that they provide.

4. Provide- self-activities for independent learning.

5. Increase vocabulary by eliminating verbalism.

6. Develop continuity of thought.

7. Increase the quality of learning while decreasing the time s

pent.

8. Check the pupil preparedness.

9. Makes learning more interactive, hence learning is improve

d.
Guidelines in the selection of instr
uctional materials
Size Is the material (text or picture) big enough to be see
n by the farthest pupil? Is relativity of the size of the pictur
es observed when it is viewed with other materials or pictu
res?

Color Is the material colorful? Pupils are attracted by brig

ht and dark and colors. Is the choice of colors life-like and
harmonious. Does the color facilitate learning?

Durability Can the material stand several uses? Can it be

used over and over again?
 Economy Is the material worth it cost? Or can a cheaper
material in terms of time spent in preparing it and in terms
of the cash value be used?

Easy to handle Is the material light and easy to manipulat

e.

Relevance Is the material up to date? Is it related to the l

esson in particular and to the specific needs, problems and
experiences of the target clientele?

Novelty Does the material posses the element of newnes

s? Can it arouse the curiosity and the sense of discovery in
the learners?
 History of Educational Technology

Education during the Ancient Times

Pointed sticks to inscript signs and sym

bols on the leaves of trees and knives fo
r the bark of trees.

Hieroglyphics system of picture made

by Egyptians at about 3100 B.C

Scribes a group of men trained in the

art of writing; countrys chronicler of e
vents
 In ancient Greece, Spartan education emphasized the devel
opment of the physical body coupled with discipline.

In Athens, recognition is given for its being the first to recog

nize the right of the individual to develop to the fullest.
They believed that the mind and the body has a strong re
lationship.
Music schools, grammar schools and public gymnasium o
r palaestra.
Cognitive rules, systematically arranged subject matter, in
structional materials were designed and implemented.
Education during the Medieval Era
Emperor Frederick I of Bologna
Chartered the first university in 1158

Degrees offered were expanded

Students were engaged in depth studies, write these

s, defend them before the deans and faculties.

This created the spark in writing textbooks

 Saracens or the Arabs (in the moors of Spain)
Significant contribution in determining the direction of what ed
ucational technology is today.

The aim of their education is to search for knowledge and the a

pplication of scientific facts to their daily lives.

Their curriculum was the most organized and complete in elem

entary, secondary and collegiate levels.

Universities and libraries were the models in the entire Europe.

Invented the printing press

Education during the Renaissance Per
iod
Three main lines of concern:
Intellectual
Aesthetic
Scientific

Johann Amos Comenius

Recognized for developing the first picture book known
as Orbis Pictus.
Pioneer in instructional technology development
 John Locke
Tabula Rasa

Maria Montessori
Use of the multi-sensory materials in teaching
 Education during the Age of Naturali
sm
The aim of education was the preservation of the natural good
ness of the individual and the formation of the society based u
pon the recognition of natural individual rights.

Herbart
Five formal steps to teaching
(Herbartian Method of Teaching)
Preparation
Presentation
Comparison
Abstraction
Generalization
Application
 Peztallozi
Teaching is more effective if it proceeds from concrete t
o abstract.
Use of actual objects and real objects that involve most
of the senses.

Froebel
Father of the Kindergarten
Emphasized the use of actual objects
Recommended the use of play and songs
 Educational Movements in the 19th Century

Paved the way to the development of the effective educational t

echnology

Production of the books

Use of blackboards

Use of pen and ink

Photography was invented giving way to the movement called vi

sual instruction.

1920 visual media became widely accepted

 1926 educational films were used as instructional media

1932 first instructional television program was aired at th

e State University of Iowa

During the Second World War educational devices such as

movies, filmstrips, radio were used in military trainings

After the war, more developments in educational technolo

gy were seen
Educational objectives by Bloom
Modularized instruction
 Education in Contemporary Times
Schools have already adopted the computerization of reco
rds, entrance procedures and all other aspects of administr
ation and supervision.
In the classroom of the better financed schools multi-medi
a resources and computers are common fixtures while in th
e lesser financed one, they maintain and educational medi
a center where a few computer units are being installed to
be shared by the whole studentry.
Private elementary schools which are well-financed and we
ll-equipped offer computer lessons.
 The internet and e-mail have become tools for what is kno
wn as fast-paced interactive learning, communication, sear
ch for information.

Computer schools, internet cafes and computer centers

GOs and NGOs sponsor computer literacy training to in-sc

hool youths, out of school youths, to the employed and un
employed adults under the auspices of the Non-formal Edu
cation Program.