Chapter 3.

Circuit Analysis
Techniques
3.1 Circuit Analysis by Inspection
Consider Figure Find VS that cause 2 ohm Resistance to conduct 3A
flowing downward.
1A 1A

4 Ohms 3 Ohms 4 Ohms VA 3 Ohms VB

i2 i1
i3
1 Ohms 2 Ohms 3A 2 Ohms 3A
1 Ohms

+ +
Vs Vs

0
 3. Label the current directions
1A 4. Start from where
maximum information
Ohms Law VB-0=2X3=6
SO VB=6V
5. Consider Node B Apply KCL
4 Ohms VA 3 Ohms VB
i1+1A=3A i1=2A
i2 i1 6. Ohms Law VA-VB= 3 x i1
i3
2 Ohms 3A
VA-6=3x2 =6+6=12V
1 Ohms VA=12V
7. . i2 by Ohms Law.
i2=VA-0/4=12/4=3A
+ i2=3A
Vs
8. Apply KCL at node A
i3=i1+i2=2+3=5A
i3=5A
0
9. Ohms Law at resistance
1 ohms
 Example 2.
Find value of R that cause 2A current source to release 12 watt.
10 Ohm VA 20 Ohm VB

i3 i2
i1 _
+
17V 2A
R 4 Ohm
i4 +

0
1. We know for current source to release power, the
current must flow in the direction of increasing
voltage. This means that GND is at higher potential
than VB. SO P=VI,
V=P/I, 0-VB=12/2, -VB=6V, OR VB=-6V
2. To find i1 using ohms law V=IR, 0-VB=i1x4,
-VB=4i1, i1=-VB/4, i1=-(-6)/4=1.5A
3. For i2 Apply KCL at node VB, i2+i1=2A, i2=2A-
1.5A=0.5A, i2=0.5A
 Example continue
10 Ohm VA 20 Ohm VB

i3 i2
i1 _
+
17V 2A
R 4 Ohm
i4 +

4. Find VA, VA-VB=20 X i2, VA= 20x0.5-VB=10+(-6),

VA=4V
5. Find i3, use ohms law, 17-VA=10xi3, (17-4)/10=i3, or
i3=13/10, i3=1.3
6. Find i4, Apply KCL at node VA, i3=i2+i4, i4=i3-i2=1.3-0.5,
i4=0.8A
7. Find R, Apply Ohms law, VA-0=Rx i4, R=VA/i4=4/0.8=5
Ohm, So R=5
 Example 3
Design a six stage Resistive Ladder, when driven by a 100V source,
yields the following node voltages 50V, 20V, 10V, 5V, 2V, 1V as
shown. All series resistors are of 10k ohms
10 K 50V 10 K 20V 10 K 10V 10 K 5V 10 K 2V 10 K 1V
i3 i5 i7 i9
i1 i11

+
100V
R2 R12
R4 i4 R6 i6 R8 i8 R10 i10 i12
i2

1. Start from the farthest branch and move towards the source.
2. For Rs use ohms Law, V=IR, R=V/I and for Is use Ohms Law
and KCL at your ease.
3. i11=2-1/10k=0.1mA , i12=i11=0.1mA, So R12=1-
0/i12=1/0.1mA=10K, R12=10K
4. i9=5-2/10k=3/10k=0.3mA, i9=i10+i11, i10=i9-i11=0.3-
0.1=0.2mA, R10=2-0/i10=2/0.2 R10=20/2mA= 10K and so
on We find All Rs as R2=R8=25K, R4=R10=R12=10K, and
R6=20K . We also find all Is. Then we find Req =
Vs/i1=100/5mA=20K
 Modify the circuit so that
Req=100K
1.. To ensure the same node voltages
we must leave all resistance ratio
unchanged. This can be obtained by
multiplying all resistances by a common
scale factor Req(new)/Req(old)=100K/20K=5
. So R1=R3=R5=R7=R9=R11=10Kx5=50K
and R2=R8=20Kx5=100K and
R4=R10=R12=10Kx5=50K and
R6=20Kx5=100K
 DC Biasing
Diodes Transistors and ICs require a certain voltages and
currents to operate properly. This is called DC Biasing.
Resistances plays a fundamental roles in DC Biasing. Figure
shows a Voltage and current conflicts so we use a series resistor
R1 to resolve voltage conflict and R2 to resolve current conflict.
By KVL the voltage drop across R1 is 15-(5+6)=4V So
R1=4/2mA=2K
By KCL Current through R2 is 0.2mA-0.5mA=1.5mA So the
R2=6/1.5=4K

R1 5V 2mA
X1

6V X2
0.5 R
15V 2
mA

So for proper biasing of X1 and X2 THE R1 and R2 must be 2K

and 4K Respectively
 In Nodal Analysis We find out the node voltages
Nodal Analysis

as per following steps

1. Choose the reference node and label the
other nodes
2. Give direction to currents
3. Apply KCL at each node and get the equations
and find the values of all currents using Ohms
Law.
4. Place currents values in the equations
obtained in step 3 and solve the equations
1 Ohm
using any method.
i2

+
12V
4A 3 Ohm

Fig.1
 Example:
1 Ohm Va
i1 i2
1. Designate Nodes
+
2. Give current directions 12V
4A 3 Ohm
3. Apply KCL at node Va
i1=4+i2-------(A)
Where i1=(12-Va)/1 ----(B)
i2=(Va-0)/3-----
4. Placing these values in equation A 0 F i g . 2
(12-Va)/1=4+Va/3 12-Va=(12+Va)/3 36-3Va=12+Va
24=4Va
Va=24/4 Va=6v
5. Placing this value in equation B and C we get i1=6A and i2=2A
6. Power released by source P=V x i1= 12 x 6= 72 P=72w
7. Power dissipate by resistors By 1 P=VI=(12-6)6=6X6=36W
By 3 P=VI=6X2=12W
8. Current source dissipate Power as arrow is downward so
P=VI=6X4=24
9. Power is conserved.72w=24w+36w+12w
 If current flow upward
1 Ohm Va

i2

+
12V
4A 3 Ohm

Apply KCL at node

F i g .Va
3 0

i1+4=i2 =(12-Va)/1+4=
Va/3 = 36-3Va+12=Va=
48=4Va, Va=48/4
Apply Nodal Analysis and Find V1 &
V2
3K Ohm V1 4K V2

i1 i3
i4 _
+
9V 5mA
6K 2K
i2 +

0
1. Apply KCL at node V1
(9-V1)/3K = V1/6K+ (V1-V2)/4K
Multiply both sides by 12 we get 4(9V1-
V1)=2V1+3(V1-V2)
36-4V1=2V1+3V1-3V2 9V1-3V2-36=0
3(3V1-V2-12)=0 3V1-V2-12=0---------(A)
 Example
3K Ohm V1
Continue
4K V2

i1 i3
i4 _
+ 9V 5mA
6K 2K
i2 +

2.
Apply KCL at node V2 0
(V1-V2)/4K=V2/2K+5m,
Multiply eq by 4 we get V1-V2=2V2+20. V1-3V2-20=0.(B)
Solving equation A and Eq. B we get V1=2V, and V2=-6V
3. i1=(9-2)/3k=7/3k= 2.3mA, i2=2/6k= 0.33mA
i3=(2-(-6)/4k=8/4k=2mA i4= (0-(-6)/2k=3mA
4. Check KCL at V1 2.3mA=0.33mA+2mA , 2.3mA=2.3mA
5. Apply KCL at V2 2mA+3mA=5mA
i4=3mA IS ADDED AS IT IS OBTAINED BY -6V
Apply Nodal analysis to the circuit of figure a and check
results
1. Designate nodes
2. Give current directions
6.5A 6.5A

V
2 Ohms 4 Ohms V 2 Ohms 4 Ohms V
2
1 3

3A 3A
8 Ohms 8 Ohms
1 Ohms 1 Ohms

Figure
Figure. a 0 b
 6.5A

1. Apply KCL at node V1

V 6.5+(V2-V1)/2=V1/1,
2 Ohms 4 Ohms V Multiply bothsides by 2
V 2 3V1-V2=13(A)
1 3 V2=3V1-13..(A)
2. Apply KCL at node V2
3=(V2-V1)/2+(V2-V3)/4
Multiply by 4 both sides
3A
8 Ohms 12=2V2-2V1+V2-V3,
1 Ohms 3V2-2V1-V3=12(B)
V3=3V2-2V1-12..(B)
3. Apply KCL at node 3
(V2-V3)/4=V3/8+6.5
Multiply both sides by 8
2V2-2V3=V3+52
Figure 2V2-3V3=52..(C)
b 4.0 Placing equation B in Equation C 2V2-3(3V2-2V1-12)=52
2V2-9V2+6V1+36=52, 6V1-7V2=52-36, 6V1-7V2=16(D)
5. Place Eq A in Eq D, 6V1-7(3V1-13)=16, 6V1-21V1+91=16, -15V1=-91+16, V1=5V
6. Place V1 IN Eq D, 6(5)-7V2=16, 30-7V2=16, -7V2=-30+16, -7V2=-14, V2=2V
7. Place V2 in Eq C, 2(2)-3V3=52, 4-3V3=52, -3V3=52-4, -V3=48/3, V3=-16V
 Check
1. i1 by Ohms Law i15/1=5A, i2=(5-2)/2 =1.5A,
i4=(2-(-16))/4=4.5A,
i8=(0-(-16))/8=2A
6.5A

2. KCL at Node V1
V 6.5A=5A+1.5A
V 2 Ohms 4 Ohms V 3. KCL AT Node V2
2
1 3 3A+1.5A=4.5A
1.5A 4.5A
4. KCL at Node V3
5A
2A 6.5A=4.5A+2A
3A
8 Ohms
1 Ohms

Figure c shows
actual
0
current directions
Figure c
Super Node
When the voltage source (Dependent or Independent) is
connected between two non-reference nodes, they form a super node. In the figure below 8V source form super node.

a)Apply Nodal
2 Ohms
Analysis and check
the results
8V
1.5 Ohms
+
b)Find magnitude
and direction of
current
0.5A
3 Ohms
10 Passing through 8V
Ohms
source. Is the
source
Delivering or
 2 Ohms 1. Surrounds the voltage source
and its nodes with dotted lines
i1
and V3-V2=8, OR V3=V2+8
V 8V 2. Label all the Node voltages and
V 1.5 Ohms 2 V
+ currents
1 3
i2 i4
3. Apply KCL at V1, i1= 0.5+i2
i3 (V3-V1) /2=0.5+(V1-V2)/1.5
Multiply by 6 both sides
3 Ohms
0.5A
10 3V3-3V1=3+4V1-4V2, 4V1+3V1-
Ohms
4V2-3V3+3=0
7V1-4V2-3V3+3=0.(A)
Place V3 in equation A
7V1-4V2-3(V2+8)+V3=0, 7V1-
4V2-3V2-24+3
0 7V1-7V2-21=0, 7(V1-V2-3)=0,
V1-V2=3.(B)
4. Apply KCL at super node, i2=i1+i3+i4, (V1-V2)/1.5=(V3-
V1)/2+V2/3+V3/10
Multiply both 30 both sides, 20V1-20V2=10V2+3V3+15V3-15V1
35V1-30V2-18V3=0, 35V1-30V2-18(V2+8)=0, 35V1-30V2-18V2-144=0
35V1-48V2=144 Solving Eq B & C we get V1=0V, V2=-3V and
V3=5V
 Check
2 Ohms 1. i2=(V1-V2)/1.5=0-(-3)/1.5=2A
i1 2. i1=(V3-V1)/2=5-0/2=5/2=2.5A
3. i3=(0-V3)/3=-(-
V 8V
3)/3=1A(upward)
V 1.5 Ohms 2 V
+ 4. i4=(V3-0)/10=5/10=0.5A
1 3 5. KCL at node V1 2.5=0.5+2
i2 i4
i3 6. KCL at super node
I2+i3=i1+i4, 2A+1A=2.5A+0.5A
3 Ohms Check results shows that obtained
10
0.5A Ohms results are correct
B) The current through 8V
source(The currents coming out
from the positive side of super
node of the source) are
i1+i4=2.5A+0.5A=3A,
0 This conforms the active sign
conversion So the 8V Source is
delivering power.
 Apply Nodal analysis to the
circuit
8 Ohms

18 Ohms 5 Ohms

4V source is forming a
super node.
12V We label the node
3 10
+

+
Ohms Ohms 4V voltages and all current
directions as shown in
the next slide

6 Ohms
 1. Apply KCL at node V1
i2=i1+i3
8 Ohms (12-V1)/18=V1/3+(V1-(V2+4))
i3
.(A)
2. Apply KCL at the super node
I3+i4=i5
18 Ohms 5 Ohms {V1-(V2+4)}/8+{12-
V1
V2+4 (V2+4)}/5V2/6..(B)
i4
i2 Multiply Eq A and B by 72 and
i1 12V 120 respectively and we get
3 10 the equations
+

+
Ohms Ohms 4V 37V1-9V2=84
15V1-59V2=-132
Solving these equations we get
i5 V1=3V and V2=3V
And the voltage at the positive
6 Ohms side of 4V Source is
V2 V2+4=3+4=7V
0
Check
1.i1=v1/3=3/3=1A, i2=(12-3)/18=0.5A, i3=(7-
3)/8=0.5A(Anticlockwise)
i4=(12-7)/5=5/5=1A, i5=V2/6=3/6=0.5A
2. Apply KCL at node V1, 0.5A+0.5A=1A
3. Apply KCL at super node= 1A=0.5A+0.5A
Important :1O resistor does not effect our results, it only absorb Power