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ECE 104

Chapter 1
Elements and Limitations of Communication Systems

Communication system information transfer


Information no precise definition
Message physical manifestation of information as produced by the
source

2 message categories:

1. Analog physical quantity that varies continuously with time


Ex. Acoustic sound, angular position of an aircraft gyro, light
intensity at
some point in a TV image
Fidelity measure of correctness
2. digital ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set of
discrete
elements
Ex. Letters, listing of hourly temperature readings, etc..
Accuracy symbols should be delivered in a specified amount of
Block Diagram of a Communication System

Input Output
signal signal
source destination
Input Communication Output
transducer system transducer

Converts message to an
electrical signal, ex.
Microphone, speaker
Elements of a communication system
1. transmitter process input signal to produce a transmitted signal suitable for
transmissions channel characteristics.

2. transmission channel electrical medium that bridges the distance from source to
destination.
Ex. Pair of wires, coaxial cable, radio wave or laser beams

Attenuation loss, factors affecting transmission channel

3. Receiver operates on the output signal from the channel in preparation for delivery
to the transducer at the destination.

Operations:
Amplification
Decoding
Demodulation
filtering
Block Diagram of A Communication System with Noise

Input Transmitted Received


signal signal Signal
Output
source
signal
Transmitter Transmission Receiver
Channel destination

Noise, interference and


distortion
HISTORY
Communication System:
hand gestures and facial expressions
Verbal communication system using sound waves
Smoke signals or tom-tom drums

Using electricity:
1837 SamuelFinley Breese Morse invented the workable telegraph
1838 1948 - Morse process the patent and was granted
- used electromagnetic induction which transfer dots, dashes and spaces usin
metallic wire
1876 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson invented the telephone
1894 Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmit wirelessly
1906 Lee deForest invented the triode vacuum tube for amplification of signals
1920 Radio station KDKA began broadcasting using AM in Pittsburgh, Pensylvan
1931 Major Edwin Howard Armstrong patented the FM
1935 commercial broadcasting of monophonic FM
Technological Transmission Advances

Weak electric currents could operate a receiver at a


distance
More than 1000 miles over open wire
1900 About 200 miles on underground cable

Vacuum-tube line amplifiers enabled speech to be


transmitted by longer distance
1913

Coast-to-coast long distance telephone connections


were established
1915
Technological Transmission Advances

Transatlantic radiotelephone service was introduced


1927
J.R. Carson at Bell Laboratories developed FDM
(Frequency Division Multiplexing)
1930 12 conversations were conducted over two pairs of
s cable wires

Coaxial cables were introduced to permit wideband


transmission of telephone signals
1941
Technological Transmission Advances

Satellite
communicatio
1960s ns deployed
FACTORS THAT MAKE TELECOM DIFFICULT

very long history : from 1876 to present


Many things are what they are due to what
happened in the past
Long-lived products and standards
Peer to peer communications
Harder problems of compatibility,
connectivity, routing and congestion contr
Reliability
Extreme and continuous
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
ITU International
Telecommunications Union (a.k.a.
CCITT)
- International standards and prevailing
local standards outside North America

ANSI- American National Standards


Institute
- Sponsor T1 committee and other
standards
- Carrier standards for North America

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force


- Internet protocol standards worldwide
- Produce high quality, relevant technical
documents that influence the way people
design, use and manage the internet
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
-created several committees such as:
802 committee data communication
standards

ECMA European Computer


Manufacture
- Standards for computer equipment
in Europe

Industry Forums:
ATM Forums, DSL Forums, etc..
- Manufacturers and carriers common
positions of equipment and standards
Telcordia
-also known as
Bellcore
- Common
standards and
procedures for
local carriers with
U.S.
LAWS THAT DRIVE TECHNOLOGY
The potential difference (voltage) across an
Ohms ideal conductor is proportional to the current
through it

Law Determine the distance that signals could be


sent without amplification

Moores The number of transistors that can fit onto a


square inch of silicon double every 12 months
Law
Gilders The total bandwidth of communication systems
triples every 12 months
Law
The value of a network is
Metcalf proportional to the square
of the number of nodes
es Law The cost per user remains
the same or even reduces

Murphy Anything that can go


wrong will go wrong at the
s Law worst possible time
Moores Law and Gilders
Law Graph
Power Measurements

decibel
- measure ratios
- measure magnitude of earthquakes, i.e., Richter scale measures the intensity o
earthquake relative to a reference intensity
- measure intensity of acoustical signals in dB-SPL (SPL sound pressure level, i
zero dB-SPL the threshold of hearing)
10 dB-SPL sound of rustling leaves
120 140 dB-SPL sound produced by a jet engine
120 dB-SPL threshold of pain
- measure power ratios
- used to avoid using excessively large or extremely small numbers
- transmission-measuring unit

P1
dB 10 log ( 10 )
P
2 Where P1 power level 1 (watts)
P2 - power level 2 (watts)
To measure power gain or loss

Pout
AP( dB ) 10 log ( 10 )
Pin

where AP(dB) - power gain (dB)


Pout - output power level (watts)
Pin - input power level (watts)
Pout
AP absolute power gain (unitless)
Pin

Negative (-) dB output power is less than input power, power loss
Positive (+) dB output power is more than input power, power gain
Bm unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of a power level with respec
fixed reference level (1mW)
1mW average power produced by a telephone transmitter across a 600 ohm
load which can be used until today for 50-,75-,600-,900-,124- & 300-ohm
load

P
dBm 10 log l ( 10 )
0.001W
where 0.001 - reference power of 1 mW
P any power in watts

Convert a power level of 200mW to dBm:


Power Levels, Gains and Losses

ple: Given a three-stage system comprised of two amplifiers and one filter, the
put power is 0.1mW, the absolute power gains are: Ap1 = 100, Ap2 = 40, Ap3=0
etermine (a) the input power in dBm, (b) output power (Pout) in watts and dBm,
) the dB gain of each of the three stages, and (d) the overall gain in dB.

olution:
The input power in dBm is
0.0001
Pin( dBm ) 10 log ( 10 ) 10dBm
0.001W

b. Output power:
Pout 0.1mW 100 40 0.25 100mW
100mW
Pout( dBm ) 10 log 20dBm
1mW
c. dB value of the three gains are:

AP1 ( dB ) 10 log 100 20dB gain


AP2 ( dB ) 10 log 40 16dB gain
AP1 ( dB ) 10 log 0.25 6dB loss

d. Total power gain in dB

APt ( dB ) 20dB 16dB ( 6dB ) 30dB


or
APt( dB ) 10 log 100 40 0.25 30dB
the output power in dBm :
Pout(dBm) Pin( dBm ) AP1( dB ) AP 2( dB ) AP 3( dB )
-10dBm 20dB 16dB (-6dB) 20dBm

*please read page 11-12 (Tomasi)


Undesirable effects in transmission channel:
1. distortion waveform perturbation

appears when desired signal is turned off


equalizers can correct or reduced its effect

2. interference contamination of signal by extraneous signal from human sources


other transmitted, power lines and machinery, switching circuits and so on.

3. RFI Radio Frequency Interference

4. Noise random and unpredictable electrical signal produced by natural processes


both internal and external to the system.
Kinds of Transmission:

1.Simplex SX
1.one way

2.Duplex DX
1.two way
half-duplex one at a time
full duplex simultaneous
Fundamental Limitations

2 Kinds of Constraints:

1. Technological problems hardware availability, economic factors, federal


regulations, etc..
2. Fundamental physical limitations laws of nature

- bandwidth and noise


Bandwidth:
Ex. Video greater bandwidth
Voice B = 3 kHz
Digital B = r/2 with r symbols/sec
Noise:
Ex. Thermal noise random motion of particles
Signal is now measured in S/N or signal to noise ratio
the higher the S/N, the more negligible the thermal noise

Channel Capacity:

C B log 1 S N
Hartley-Shannon Law
Modulation and Coding

Modulation the process of changing the characteristics of the


information-bearing signal

2 components:
1. modulating signal
2. carrier signal

3 Kinds of modulation for analog signal:

1. AM Amplitude modulation
2. FM Frequency Modulation
3. PM Phase Modulation
Modulation Benefits & Applications:
Main Purpose generate a modulated signal suited to the
characteristics of the transmission channel

Practical Benefits:

For efficient transmission


Antenna length can be made shorter
Antenna length, l 1where
=wavelength of the signal
10
where f = frequency of signal
c

f

Ex. f = 100 Hz
c 300 x10 6
3 x10 6 and
f 100

l
1
10

3 x10 6 300km antenna length
Overcome hardware limitations

B
fractional bandwidth where B Bandwidth and
fc fc center frequency

the lower the fractional bandwidth, the lower the hardware costs and
complications
fractional bandwidth should be within 1-10%

signals with large bandwidth should be modulated on high-frequency


carriers

high information rate high carrier frequency


Reduce noise and interference

1. one early transatlantic cables were apparently destroyed by


high voltage rupture in an effort to obtain a usable received signal
2. FM has the property of wideband noise reduction

For frequency assignments several stations can use the


frequency spectrum

for multiplexing

Multiple access variation of multiplexers


Modulation signal processing for effective transmission

Coding symbol-processing operation for improved


communication when information is digital

Encoding Transforms a digital message into a new sequence


of symbols

Channel Coding introduce controlled redundancy to further improve


the performance reliability in a noisy channel

Error Control Coding Appending extra check digits to each


binary codeword detect or correct errors increase bandwidth

BW coded
kBW uncoded where k no. of binary digits

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