Askeland Chapter

The Science and Engineering
of Materials, 4th ed
Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phul
Chapter 17 Construction Materials
1
Objectives of Chapter 17
To present a summary of the material
properties of wood, concrete, and asphalt.
2
Chapter Outline
17.1 The Structure of Wood
17.2 Moisture Content and Density of
Wood
17.3 Mechanical Properties of Wood
17.4 Expansion and Contraction of Wood
17.5 Plywood
17.6 Concrete Materials
17.7 Properties of Concrete
17.8 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
17.9 Asphalt
3
Section 17.1
The Structure of Wood
Wood consists of four main constituents Cellulose,
hemicellulose, lignin, extractives
Three important levels in the structure of wood:
- The fiber structure
- The cell structure
- The macrostructure
4
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 17.1 The structure of the cellulose filaments in wood.
5
Figure 17.2 The structure of wood: (a) the macrostructure, including a

layer structure outlined by the annual growth rings, (b) detail of the cell
structure within one annul growth ring, p (c) the structure of a cell,
including several layers composed of microfibrils of cellulose fibers,
hemicellulose fibers, and lignin, and (d) the microfibrils aligned, partly
crystalline cellulose chains.
6
Figure 17.3 The cellular structure in (a) softwood and (b)
hardwood. Softwoods contain larger, longer cells than
hardwoods. The hardwoods, however, contain large-
diameter vessels. Water is transported through softwoods
by the cells and through hardwoods by the vessels. (From
J.M. Dinwoodie, Wood: Natures Cellular Polymeric Fiber-
Composite, The Institute of Metals, 1989.)
7
Section 17.2
Moisture Content and Density of
Wood
The percentage water in wood is given by:
8
Example 17.1
Density of Dry and Wet Wood
A green wood has a density of 0.86 g/cm3 and contains
175% water. Calculate the density of the wood after it has
completely dried.
Example 17.1 SOLUTION
A 100-cm3 sample of the wood would weigh 86 g. From
Equation 17-1, we can calculate the weight of the dry
wood to be:
9
Example 17.1 SOLUTION (Continued)
10
Section 17.3
Mechanical Properties of Wood
Figure 17.4
The effect of
the percentage
of water in a
typical wood
on the
compressive
strength
parallel to the
grain.
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under
license.
11
Figure 17.5 The different directions in a log. Because of

differences in cell orientation and the grain, wood displays
anisotropic behavior.
12
13
14
Section 17.4
Expansion and Contraction of Wood
The change in dimensions x in wood in the radial and
tangential directions is approximated by
where x0 is the initial dimension, Mi is the initial water

content, Mf is the final water content, and c is a
coefficient that describes the dimensional change and
can be measured in either the radial or the tangential
direction.
15
16
Section 17.5
Plywood
The anisotropic behavior of wood can be reduced, and
wood products can be made in larger sizes, by producing
plywood.
Plies - The individual sheet of wood veneer from which
plywood is constructed.
17
Section 17.6
Concrete Materials
Aggregate - An aggregate is a combination of gravel,
sand, crushed stones, or slag.
Mortar - A mortar is made by mixing cement, water, air,
and fine aggregates. Concrete contains all of the
ingredients of the mortar and coarse aggregates.
Cements - Cements are inorganic materials that set and
harden after being mixed into a paste using water.
Sand - Chemically sand is predominantly silica (SiO2).
18
Figure 17.6 The rate of hydration of the minerals in

Portland cement.
19
Figure 17.7 The compressive strength of concrete increases

with time. After 28 days, the concrete approaches its
maximum strength.
20
21
22
Section 17.7
Properties of Concrete
Many factors influence the properties of concrete. Some
of the most important are:
- Water-Cement Ratio:
- Slump - The decrease in height of a standard
concrete form when the concrete settles under its
own weight.
- Workability - The ease with which a concrete slurry
fills all of the space in a form.
- Air-Entrained Concrete
- Type and Amount of Aggregate
23
Figure 17.8 The slump test, in which deformation of a

concrete shape under its own weight is measured, is used to
describe the workability of concrete mix.
24
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under
license.
Figure 17.9 The effect of the water-cement ratio and

entrained air on the 28-day compressive strength of concrete.
25
Figure 17.10 The amount of water per cubic yard of

concrete required to give the desired workability (or
slump) depends on the size of the coarse aggregate.
26
Figure 17.11 The

volume ratio of
aggregate to concrete
depends on the sand
and aggregate sizes.
Note that the volume
ratio uses the bulk
density of the
aggregate about
60% of the true
density.
27
Example 17.2
Composition of Concrete
Determine the amounts of water, cement, sand, and
aggregate in 5 cubic yards of concrete, assuming that we
want to obtain a water/cement ratio of 0.4 (by weight)
and that the cement/sand/aggregate ratio is 1:2.5:4 (by
weight). Anormal aggregate will be used, containing 1%
water, and the sand contains 4% water. Assume that no
air is entrained into the concrete.
For each sack of cement we use, the volume of materials
required is:
28
Total volume of concrete = 4.779 ft3/sack of cement

Therefore, in 5 cubic yards (or 135 ft3), we need:
29
But the sand contains 4% water and the gravel contains

1% water. To obtain the weight of the wet sand and
gravel, we must adjust for the water content of each:
Therefore, we actually only need to add:
Accordingly, we recommend that 28 sacks of cement, 6843

lb of sand, and 10,633 lb of gravel be combined with 82 gal
of water.
30
Example 17.3
Design of a Concrete Mix for
a Retaining Wall
Design a concrete mix that will provide a 28-day compressive
strength of 4000 psi in a concrete intended for producing a 5-in.-
thick retaining wall 6-ft high. We expect to have about 2% air
entrained in the concrete, although we will not intentionally
entrain air. Our aggregate contains 1% moisture, and we have
only coarse sand containing 5% moisture available.
Figure 17.10 The

amount of water per
cubic yard of concrete
required to give the
desired workability (or
slump) depends on the
size of the coarse
aggregate.
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning

is a trademark used herein under license.
31
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark
used herein under license.
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 17.9 The effect of the Figure 17.11 The volume ratio
water-cement ratio and entrained of aggregate to concrete
air on the 28-day compressive depends on the sand and
strength of concrete. aggregate sizes. Note that the
volume ratio uses the bulk
density of the aggregate
about 60% of the true density.
32
Lets determine the volume of each constituent per cubic
yard of concrete in order to calculate the amount of sand
required:
Or converting to other units, assuming that the

aggregate and sand are dry:
33
However, the aggregate and the sand are wet. Thus, the
actual amounts of aggregate and sand needed are:
The actual amount of water needed is:
Thus, for each cubic yard of concrete, we will combine

6 sacks of cement, 1948 lb of aggregate, 1182 lb of
sand, and 29.3 gal of water.
34
Section 17.8
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
Several methods are used to improve the load-bearing
ability of concrete in tension.
Reinforced Concrete - Steel rods (known as rebars),
wires, or mesh are frequently introduced into concrete to
provide improvement in resisting tensile and bending
forces.
Prestressed Concrete - Instead of simply being laid as
reinforcing rods in a form, the steel can initially be pulled
in tension between an anchor and a jack, thus remaining
under tension during the pouring and curing of the
concrete.
Poststressed Concrete - An alternate method of placing
concrete under compression is to place hollow tubes in
the concrete before pouring.
35
Section 17.9 Asphalt
Asphalt is a composite of aggregate and bitumen.
Bitumen - The organic binder, composed of low melting
point polymers and oils, for asphalt.
Glasphalt - Asphalt in which the aggregate includes
recycled glass.
36
Figure 17.12 The ideal structure of asphalt (a) compared

with the undesirable structure (b) in which round grains, a
narrow distribution of grains, and excess binder all reduce
the strength of the final material.
37

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The Science and Engineering

Chapter 17 Construction Materials

Figure 17.1 The structure of the cellulose filaments in wood.

Figure 17.2 The structure of wood: (a) the macrostructure, including a

Figure 17.5 The different directions in a log. Because of

where x0 is the initial dimension, Mi is the initial water

Figure 17.6 The rate of hydration of the minerals in

Figure 17.7 The compressive strength of concrete increases

Figure 17.8 The slump test, in which deformation of a

Figure 17.9 The effect of the water-cement ratio and

Figure 17.10 The amount of water per cubic yard of

Figure 17.11 The

Total volume of concrete = 4.779 ft3/sack of cement

But the sand contains 4% water and the gravel contains

Therefore, we actually only need to add:

Accordingly, we recommend that 28 sacks of cement, 6843

Figure 17.10 The

2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning

Or converting to other units, assuming that the

The actual amount of water needed is:

Thus, for each cubic yard of concrete, we will combine

Figure 17.12 The ideal structure of asphalt (a) compared

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