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System Concepts

System

A system is an orderly group of


independent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve
a common objective.
The word component may refer to
physical parts (engines, wings of
aircraft, wheels of car), managerial steps
(planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling) or a subsystem in a
multilevel structure.
A definition of the basic term
system is as follows
A regularly interacting or
interdependent group of items
forming a unified whole.
An organized set of doctrines, ideas
or principles usually intended to
explain the arrangement of a
systematic whole.
An organized or established
FEATURES OF A SYSTEM
People
Infrastructure
Rules, Policies & Regulations
Objective
ExampleAn Educational System.
People : Faculty, student, administrative staff etc.
Infrastructure :Building, furniture, library etc.
Rules and Regulations :Dress code, admission
procedure, time table etc.
Objective :For teachers, teaching. For students,
to Gain knowledge
Thestudy of system concept has 3
basic implementation :
A system must be designed to achieve a
predetermined objective.
Interrelationship and interdependence
must exist among the components.
The objective of the organization as a
whole have a higher priority than the
objective of its sub-system.
Therefore, system should be :
Interdependent
Interactive
Organized
Functioning
Have common objective.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SYSTEM
Organization
Interaction
Interdependence
Integration
Central Objective
TYPES OF SYSTEM

Physical and Abstract System


Open and Closed System
Formal and Informal Information
System
Computer Based Information System
Management Information System (MIS)
Decision Support System (DSS)
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
Transaction / Data Processing Systems
(TPS/DPS)
Physical and Abstract System

Physical systemsare tangible entities that may


be static or dynamic in operation. Static systems
are those systems in which each entity has its
own physical existence, which can be seen,
touched and counted. Dynamic system responds
to various demands made by the user. Data,
program, output and specification changes as
the user demands.
Abstract systemare conceptual and non-
physical entities. Or in other words, Abstract
systems are used for describing data and data
relationships in accordance with concept.
Open and Closed System

An open system is a state of a system,


in which a system continuously interacts
with its environment. Open systems have
many interfaces with environment. It
permits interaction across boundary. It
receives input from and delivers output
to the outside world. It visualizes
organizations taking inputs such as raw
material, labour, capital and competitive
information from the larger environment.
Closed system

A closed systemis a system in the state


of being isolated from the environment.Or
in other words, A closed system is the one
which do not interact with the
environmenti.e.,it has no input or output.
Whatever environment surrounds, the
closed system do not the change, or if it
does, a barrier exist between the
environment and the system to prevent
the system from being affected.
Formal Information System

A formal information system is based


on the organization represented by
the organization chart. An
organization chart is a flow chart
that identifies the organizational
element of a business and displays
areas of responsibility and lines of
authority.
Informal Information
System
Formal system follows certain
formalitiesi.e,they follow a step by step
procedure. An informal information system do
not follow formalities. Its an employee based
system, designed to meet personnel and
vocational needs and to help solve work
related problems. It also funnels information
upwards through indirect channels. In this
respect, it is a useful system because it works
within the boundaries and framework of the
business and stated policies.
COMPUTER BASED
INFORMATION SYSTEM (CBIS)
These days information system relies on computer
for the storage, retrieval of data. Computer are
used to make business application. These days
system analysis heavily relies on computer to
solve the business problem.

Major categories of CBIS available these days are :


Executive Information Systems (ESS)
Decision Support System (DSS)
Management Information System (MIS)
Transaction / Data Processing Systems (TPS/DPS)
Executive Information
Systems
Executive Information Systems are
strategic-level information systems
that are found at the top of the
Pyramid. They help executives and
senior managers analyze the
environment in which the
organization operates, to identify
long-term trends, and to plan
appropriate courses of action.
The role of EIS

Are concerned with ease of use


Are concerned with predicting the
future
Are effectiveness oriented
Are highly flexible
Support unstructured decisions
Use internal and external data
sources
Used only at the most senior
management levels
Examples

Executive Information Systems tend


to be highly individualized and are
often custom made for a particular
client group; however, a number of
off-the-shelf EIS packages do exist
and many enterprise level systems
offer a customizable EIS module.
Decision Support
System
A key factor in a use of decision support system
is determining what information is needed. DSS
advances the capabilities of MIS. It assist
management in decision making. All type of DSS
help managers to answer the question relevant
to a decision situation. The question may be
complex, simple and after somewhat simplistic.
A DSS is an interactive computer based system
intended to help managers to make decisions. A
DSS helps a manager to retrieve, summarize
and analyze decision relevant to data.
The origin of the term is simple :
Decision :Emphasizes decision making in
problem situation, not in information
processing, retrieval or reporting.
Support : Requirescomputer aided decision
situations with enough structure to permit
computer support.
System :Accentuates the integrated nature
of problem solving, suggesting a combined
man, machine and decision environment.
The role of DSS

Support ill- structured or semi-


structured decisions
Have analytical and/or modeling
capacity
Used by more senior managerial
levels
Are concerned with predicting the
future
Are effectiveness oriented
Examples

Some examples of DSS


Group Decision Support Systems
(GDSS)
Computer Supported Co-operative
work (CSCW)
Logistics systems
Financial Planning systems
Spreadsheet Models
Management Information
System (MIS)
A management information system is an information
system application that is for management oriented
reporting. These reports are usually generated on a
predetermined schedule and appears in a predefined
format.
Management information system is made up of 3
components :
Management :Emphasizing the ultimate use of such
information system for decision making.
Information :Information highlighting on processed data
rather than the raw data and in the context in which
managers and other end users use it.
System :System emphasizing a fair degree of integration.
The role of MIS

Based on internal information flows.


Support relatively structured decisions.
Inflexible and have little analytical
capacity.
Used by lower and middle managerial
levels.
Deals with the past and present rather
than the future.
Efficiency oriented.
Examples

Examples of MIS are :


Inventory Reporting
Network Analysis
Sales Reporting
Financial Reporting
Salary Analysis
Transaction / Data Processing
Systems
Transaction/ Data Processing System
are operational-level systems at the
bottom of the pyramid. They are
usually operated directly by shop
floor workers or front line staff, which
provide the key data required to
support the management of
operations. This data is usually
obtained through the automated or
semi-automated tracking of low-level
The role of TPS

Produce information for other


systems
Cross boundaries (internal and
external)
Used by operational personnel +
supervisory levels
Efficiency oriented
Some examples of TPS

Payrollsystems
Order processing systems
Reservation systems
Stock control systems
Systems for payments and funds
transfer
SYSTEM ANALYST
System Analyst is a specialist who studies
the problems and needs of an organization to
determine how people, data, processes, and
information technology can best accomplish
improvements for the business.
System analyst initiates changes within an
organization. Every new system changes the
business.
System analyst is basically a problem solver.
Problems may be either real or anticipated
that require corrective action.
Skills to be possessed by
System Analyst
Computer programming
experience and expertise
General problem solving skills
Good Interpersonal
Communication Skills
Flexibility and Adaptability
Act as a Motivator
General Business Knowledge

There are few general principles that are of


particular interest to people building
automated information systems. They
include the following :
The more specialized the system is, the less
able it is to adapt to different.
The more general purpose a system is, the
less optimized it is for any thing particular.
The larger a system is, the more of its
resources that must be devoted to its
everyday maintenance.
Participants to System
Development
User
Management
Auditors, Quality assurance people
System Analysts
System Designers
Programmers
Operations Personnels
Man-made Information
System
A man-madeinformation systemwill
be any collective circuit or system
that collects, processes, stores
andmaintainsinformation for a
particular use. These information
systems will be made up of hardware,
software, technology and people.
Formal And Informal Information
System
Acommonmisconception revolved
around information systems is that
they are made up entirely of
computers and technology. However
- people or staff are equally as
important to the system if it wants to
operate correctly and efficiently.
Thank You !!!!!

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