SUBJECT:

Building Materials & Construction

B. Tech. III (Civil), 5th Semester

SUBJECT TEACHER:
Bhaven N. Tandel
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
SV National Institute of Technology, Surat.
bnt@ced.svnit.ac.in
(+91) 98255 53175
CEMENT
CONCRETE
Definition
CEMENT CONCRETE is a mixture of
cement(binding material) ,sand(fine
aggregates) ,crushed stones(coarse
aggregates) and water which when
mixed in proper proportions and allowed
to cure becomes hard like a stone. This
hard mixture or matrix which gives
strength and stability to a structure is
known as cement concrete
Types of concrete
Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
Pre-stressed Cement Concrete (PsCC)
Plain Cement Concrete
Plain Cement Concrete obtained by mixing
cement, sand, gravel, or crushed aggregates
and water is a versatile and popular
construction material. Certain weak points in
PCC for specific purposes can easily be
overcome by adopting suitable techniques
such as steel reinforcing, prestressing, fibre
reinforcing, Ferro cement and polymer
impregnation techniques.
It is used for flooring, compound walls, road
top layers etc.
Reinforced Cement
Concrete
RCC is a very versatile material .It is
obtained by embedding the steel bars in
tension zones of the structural members
to offset tension weakness of PCC .
It is used for a variety of constructions
such as buildings, bridges, tanks,
massive dams, aerodromes, atomic
power plants, etc.
RCC Frame
Pre-stressed Cement
Concrete
Reinforcing rods or cables are stretched
(stressed) and then the concrete is poured
around them. After the concrete hardens, the
tension on the reinforcing members compresses
the concrete, making it more resistant to failure
where poor soil conditions or severe loads exist.
Prestressed construction is usually done in-plant
because of the equipment involved, and the
completed assembly shipped to the site for
installation. A similar method, called post-
tension, is usually done on site, and involves the
tensioning of reinforcing cables after the slab is
poured, using a special hydraulic jack.
Pre-stressed Concrete
Why is pre-stressing useful
in concrete members?
Concrete is strong in compression and
weak in tension
Flexural cracks occur at relatively low
loads
Sections can behave elastically.
Bending, shear and torsional capacities
are increased at these sections.
Differences between RCC &
Pre-stressed cement
concrete
RCC
Pre-stressed cement
concrete
RCC has reinforcing Reinforcing rods or cables
bars (rebar) simply are stretched (stressed)
embedded in the pour. and then the concrete is
poured around them
Compared to RCC Less
More material is to be material is used
used Costlier compared to RCC
Economical compared Lighter weight and can
to pre-stressed CC. accommodate longer
Heavy and cannot be spans
used for longer spans Normally casted at other
sites and are transported
To be cast at in-situ to the site
The fashion in which the RCC and Pre-
stressed concrete beams respond to a
load
Properties of a good cement
concrete
To obtain quality concrete, Its properties in plastic
as well as hardened stage play important roles
The plastic properties are:
1.workability
2.segregation
3.bleeding
4.harshness
The hardening properties are:
1.strength
2.durability
3.impermeability
4.dimensional changes
Properties of plastic stage
WORKABILITY:
It is defined as the ease with which concrete can
be compacted fully without segregation and
bleeding. The workability of concrete depends
upon the quantity of water, grading of aggregate,
and the % of the fine materials in the mix
SEGREGATION:
Implies the separation of the coarser particles
from the mix which results in non homogeneity of
the concrete mix. For keeping the concrete mass
cohesive, sufficient fines must be present in the
concrete mix. Segregation results in
honeycombing and decreases the density.
 BLEEDING:
It refers to the appearance of water along with
cement particles on the surface of freshly laid concrete
on compaction and finishing. It causes the formation of
pores in the concrete mixture making it porous and
weak. It can be avoided by using finely ground
cement, and performing suitable optimum compaction

HARSHNESS:
It is the resistance offered by concrete to its surface
finishing. This is due to the presence of lesser fines,
lesser cement mortar, and use of poorly graded
crushed or angular aggregates and insufficient water
content required
Properties of hardened
stage
STRENGTH:
The resistance to bear loads is called strength. One of the best
method to measure strength is by its compressive strength .
According to Indian standards the type of concrete grade is
classified by its 28 days compressive strength as measured on
150mm works cube specimen by standard procedures and
denoted by the letter M (for example M15 refers to a concrete
mixture whose characteristic compressive strength after 28 days
curing and testing under standard conditions shall be 15N/mm 2 or
150kgf/cm2)

Building construction --- M15

used
Roads, bridges, and water retaining structures --- M20/M40

The flexural tensile strength of cement concrete generally

varies from 10-15% of compressive strength
 DURABILITY:
It refers to its resistance to deterioration under
the forces of environment such as weathering,
chemical attack, fire, and corrosion of steel etc.
generally dense and strong concrete have more
durability in extreme conditions. To make
durable concrete in an environment surcharged
with chemical fumes, special type of cements
such as sulphate resisting Portland cement,
super sulphated cements, blast furnace slag
cement etc. are used . Soluble chlorides
reducing the alkanity of the protective layer
should be avoided in mixing water during
manufacture of concrete
 IMPERMEABILITY:
It is the resistance of the concrete to the flow of
water through the pore spaces in it. Excess
water during manufacture leaves a large
number of continuous pores leading to
permeability in concrete. For obtaining
impermeable concretes adopt low water cement
ratio, use dense and well graded aggregate,
ensure full compaction and cure continuously
under moist and low temperature conditions. It
is important in water retaining structures.
 DIMENSIONAL CHANGES:
It is caused by shrinkage of concrete, thermal
changes, elasticity, and creep in concrete.
During hardening and dryings of concrete
,there is slight reduction in volume which is
known as SHRINKAGE. It increases as WC ratio
increases . Avg coefficient of total shrinkage
for concrete may be taken as 0.0003.
The modulus of elasticity varies from
3,00,000-5,00,000 kgf/cm2
The poissons ratio measured as ratio of
lateral strain to longitudinal strain ranges fro
0.11-0.25 under normal working stresses
Advantages Of Cement
Concrete
Extremely strong in compression.
Can be poured into a form on-site.
Can be pre-fabricated.
Can be poured and cured under-water.
Offers higher level of fire resistance.
Low maintenance.
Can be recycled without any loss in
strength and performance.
 It also has the ability to slow down the
absorption of heat through wall.
It lasts longer than brick, stone and
wood work.
It is very eco friendly does not release
toxins in to your atmosphere.
It absorbs very minimal amount of water
this will not let it wrap in humid climate.
Special Concretes
Water-proof Concrete

The water proof compounds are

available in the powder form and they
are to be mixed thoroughly with
cement by hand before the cement is
mixed with the aggregates.
Water-proof Concrete
Advantages of Using Water-
Proofing Compounds

It corrects a badly proportioned concrete

mixture.
It cures immature green concrete.
It makes good concrete from the poor
materials.
It permits less rigid supervision of the
workmanship.
Colored Concrete

The concrete can be made colored in the

following ways:

1.By addition of suitable coloring pigment.

2.By using colored cement.
3.By selecting aggregates possessing the
required color.
Colored Concrete
Uses of Colored Concrete

Manufacture of items for public welfare.

Ornamental finishes in buildings.
Preparing park lanes.
Separating lines of traffic of road
surfaces.
Underground pedestrian crossings.
Lightweight Concrete

Concrete having bulk density between 5

to 18 kN/cu.m. .

Prepared from the following materials:

1.Binding materials
2.Lightweight aggregates
3.Steel
4.Water
Lightweight Concrete
Advantages of Lightweight
Concrete
Local industrial waste can be
economically utilized.
Reduction in cost up to about 40%.
Greater fire resistance.
Lower thermal expansion.
Sound absorption is good.
Easy removal , transport and erection of
pre-cast products.
Disadvantages

The depth of carbonation is nearly twice

as much as that of normal concrete.

Hence proper care is taken to provide

sufficient cover to the reinforcement.
No-fines Concrete
It consists of cement, coarse aggregates
and water.
The fine aggregates or sand is
eliminated.

Used in external load bearing walls of

single and multi-storey structures
,retaining walls, damp-proofing sub-base
materials etc.
No-fines Concrete
Advantages of No-fines
Concrete
Drying shrinkage is low.
Better insulation characteristics due to
presence of large voids.
Saving in material requirements.
Unit weight is 2/3rd of conventional
concrete.
It does not segregate.
It grants the advantages of lightweight
concrete.
Limitations of No-fines
Concrete
Requires long time for removal of forms,
as it has little or no cohesion in fresh
state.
It is highly permeable. Hence rendering
of walls becomes essential.
Compressive, bond and flexural strength
are considerably lower than conventional
concrete.
Pre-cast Concrete
They are factory made products. Unlike the
cast-in-situ concrete.

Procedure for preparing pre-cast

concrete:
1.Moulds are prepared to shape the product.
2.Reinforcemont is put in moulds.
3.Concrete of desired proportion is poured in
moulds.
4.Products are sufficiently cured.
Pre-cast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-cast
Concrete
Not necessary to provide joints.
Labour can be easily trained.
Moulds are durable and can be used
several times.
Pre-cast structures can be dismantled
and used elsewhere.
Amount of scaffolding and form work is
reduced.
Work completed in shorter time.
Disadvantages of Pre-cast
Concrete

May get damaged, if not handled

properly.
Difficult to produce satisfactory
connection between pre-cast members.
Special equipment required for lifting
and moving units.
Transport and handling charges are high.
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. THE CONSTRUCTOR (website)
2.INTEGRATED PUBLISHING ARCHIVE
SERVICE(website)
3.CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS-TTTI
CHANDIGAHR
4.BUILDING MATERIALS-RANGWALA
5.WIKIPEDIA
(THANKS TO GOOGLE)
THANK YOU !!!