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BJT lecture 2

RKTiwary

Relationship between and
IE = IC + IB
IE = IC + IB

Then Then = 1+
Hence

and

Thus, if
= 0.98, = 0.98/0.02 = 49
and if = 0.99, = 0.99/0.01 = 99
Stabality in Transistor
IC = IE + ICB0
= (IB + IC) + ICB0
IC(1 ) = IB + ICB0

Bias point
stabilization
Load line for a transistor
An npn transistor with load
resistance R

Graphical determination of
the output current of a
transistor in a
common-base circuit
Simple common-emitter transistor amplifier

Let IB be the steady base


current, usually termed the
quiescent current, and
let VBE be the quiescent
baseemitter voltage;
Simple common-emitter transistor amplifier

Let IB be the steady base


current, usually termed the
quiescent current, and
let VBE be the quiescent
baseemitter voltage;
then
VS = IBRB + VBE
Simple common-emitter transistor amplifier

Let IB be the steady base


current, usually termed the
quiescent current, and
let VBE be the quiescent
baseemitter voltage;
then
VS = IBRB + VBE

Simple common-emitter transistor amplifier
Let IB be the steady base
current, usually termed the
quiescent current, and
let VBE be the quiescent
baseemitter voltage;
then
VS = IBRB + VBE

Often VBE is significantly smaller than VS and,


approximately
Let the applied signal current
to the base be given by :ib =
Ibm sin t
Let the applied signal current
to the base be given by :ib =
Ibm sin t
whereby the total base
current is
IB + Ibm sin t
Let the applied signal current
to the base be given by :ib =
Ibm sin t
whereby the total base
current is
IB + Ibm sin t
At any instant
vce = VS icRC
And
The current gain

the voltage gain

and the power gain is


A bipolar transistor amplifier stage is shown in Fig.
and the
transistor has characteristics, shown in Fig., which
may be
considered linear over the working range. A 2.2 k
resistive load
is connected across the output terminals and a
signal source of
sinusoidal e.m.f. 0.6 V peak and internal resistance
10 k is connected
to the input terminals. The input resistance of the
transistor
is effectively constant at 2.7 k. Determine the
First determine the extremities
of the d.c. load line.
If ic = 0 then Vs = 12 V = vce
If vce = 0 then

First determine the extremities
of the d.c. load line.
If ic = 0 then Vs = 12 V = vce
If vce = 0 then

First determine the extremities
of the d.c. load line.
If ic = 0 then Vs = 12 V = vce
If vce = 0 then

For the a.c. load line,



For the a.c. load line,

Hence the slope of the a.c. load


line is
=-1mA/V

For the a.c. load line,

Hence the slope of the a.c. load


line is
=-1mA/V
and the quiescent base current
=
IBo
The input circuit consists of the base
emitter junction in parallel with the bias
resistor, i.e. the signal passes through
both in parallel
The input circuit consists of the base
emitter junction in parallel with the bias
resistor, i.e. the signal passes through
both in parallel
2.7k is very small compared to 200k

The input circuit consists of the base
emitter junction in parallel with the bias
resistor, i.e. the signal passes through
both in parallel
2.7k is very small compared to 200k

and effectively the entire input circuit


can be represented by Fig.

The input circuit consists of the base
emitter junction in parallel with the bias
resistor, i.e. the signal passes through
both in parallel
2.7k is very small compared to 200k

and effectively the entire input circuit


can be represented by Fig.

The peak signal base current is =



The input circuit consists of the base
emitter junction in parallel with the bias
resistor, i.e. the signal passes through
both in parallel
2.7k is very small compared to 200k

and effectively the entire input circuit


can be represented by Fig.

The peak signal base current is =


and hence the maximum signal base current is 60 + 47 = 107
A
and hence the maximum signal base current is 60 47 = 13
A

From the a.c. load line in Fig.
ic = 5.1 0.9 = 4.22 mA
The change in output current is
io =
= 1.9mA

From the a.c. load line in Fig.
ic = 5.1 0.9 = 4.22 mA
The change in output current is
io =
= 1.9mA
The change in input current is
ii = 107 13 = 94 A

From the a.c. load line in Fig.
ic = 5.1 0.9 = 4.22 mA
The change in output current is
io =
= 1.9mA
The change in input current is
ii = 107 13 = 94 A
Therefore the current gain for
the amplifier stage is

current gain of the transistor

current gain of the transistor

The change in output voltage


vo is
vo = vce= 8.5 4.3 = 4.2V
(peak to peak)

current gain of the transistor

The change in output voltage


vo is
vo = vce= 8.5 4.3 = 4.2V
(peak to peak)

The change in input voltage vi


is given by the change in base
emitter voltage, i.e.
vi = ii Ri = 94 106 2.7
103
= 0.25 V (peak to peak)

vo = vce= 8.5 4.3 = 4.2V
(peak to peak)
vi = ii Ri = 94 106 2.7
103
= 0.25 V (peak to peak)


Alternatively
RMS output voltage =
RMS output current
and Po = (0.68 103)2 2.2
103 1.0 mW

Alternatively
RMS output voltage =
RMS output current
and Po = (0.68 103)2 2.2 103
1.0 mW

RMS input voltage =


RMS input current
and Pi = (33 106)2 2.7 103 2.9
W

Alternatively
RMS output voltage =
RMS output current
and Po = (0.68 103)2 2.2 103
1.0 mW

RMS input voltage =


RMS input current
and Pi = (33 106)2 2.7 103 2.9
W

as before
Equivalent circuits of a transistor
Common-emitter amplifier stage and its equivalent
circuit


And

And

Where

And

Where


And

Where

This is the current gain of the transistor but not of the


amplifier stage.
The stage gain is given by

The voltage gain for the transistor is given by

which is
minus sign results from the current
directions and
also this implies that there
is a 180 phase shift between
input and output, as shown in Fig.
A transistor amplifier stage comprises a
transistor of parameters
hie = 800 , hfe = 50 and hoe = 20 S, and bias
components and coupling capacitors of negligible
effect. The input signal consists of an e.m.f. of 60
mV from a source of internal resistance 2.2 k,
and the total load on the stage output is 4 k.
Determine the current, voltage and power gains
of the amplifier stage.
A transistor amplifier is shown in Fig.. The
parameters of the
transistor are hie = 2 k, hoe = 25 S and hfe = 55,
and the output load resistor dissipates a signal
power of 10 mW. Determine the power gain of
the stage and the input signal e.m.f. E. The
reactance of the capacitors may be neglected.
Vce = 10 V
Vce = 10 V
Vce = 10 V

Ib = 40.9 106 A

Ib = 40.9 106 A

= = 41.9 106 A
E = (41.9 106 5 103) + (40.9 106 2
103)= 0.29 V

Ib = 40.9 106 A

So = 41.9 106 A
E = (41.9 106 5 103) + (40.9 106 2
103)= 0.29 V

Ib = 40.9 106 A
= 41.9 106 A
Pi = VbeIi = (40.9 106 2 103) (41.9
106)= 3.43 106 W

Po = 10 103 W

Ib = 40.9 106 A
= 41.9 106 A
Pi = VbeIi = (40.9 106 2 103) (41.9
106)= 3.43 106 W

Po = 10 103 W
Common-base amplifier stage

Here hfb (= )
Hybrid parameters

vbe = f1(ib, vce)


ic = f2(ib, vce)
Hybrid parameters
For the common-emitter transistor:
hie is the short-circuit input
resistance (or impedance)
hre is the open-circuit reverse
voltage ratio
hfe is the short-circuit forward
vbe = f1(ib, vce) current ratio
ic = f2(ib, vce) hoe is the open-circuit output
Vbe = hieIb + hreVce conductance (or admittance)

ic = hfeIb + hoeVce The voltage generator hreVce


represents a feedback effect
Effect of input resistance on gain

The input voltage is

And Vo = 40 2mv = 80 mV
Effect of input resistance on gain
input resistance
been greater,
say 1 M,

The input voltage is

And Vo = 40 = 3.8 v
Compare it with Vo = 80 mv

Stabilizing voltage supplies
The network which provides steady value is
called a stabilization circuit. It maintains a
constant output voltage when:
1. the supply voltage varies, and/or
2. the load current changes.

S = stability factor =
Eg. Without stabilization, a supply voltage can
change from 110 to 80 V even though the load
current remains constant. With stabilization
effected by a circuit which has a stability factor of
0.06, determine
the change in the stabilized voltage
Eg. Without stabilization, a supply voltage can
change from 110 to 80 V even though the load
current remains constant. With stabilization
effected by a circuit which has a stability factor of
0.06, determine
the change in the stabilized voltage
Following table summarizes important points about
CB,CE,CC transistor configurations.
Common Common Common
Parameter
Base Emitter Collector

High, Same as
Voltage Gain High Less than Unity
CE

Current Gain Less than Unity High High

Power Gain Moderate High Moderate

Phase inversion No Yes No

Input Moderate (1 High (300


Low (50 Ohm)
Impedance KOhm) KOhm)

Output High (1 M Moderate (50


Low (300 Ohm)
Impedance Ohm) K)

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