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Chapter 16
The common ion effect is the shift in equilibrium caused by the
addition of a compound having an ion in common with the
dissolved substance.
Ka [HA]
[H ] =
+
[A-] Henderson-Hasselbach
[HA] equation
-log [H+] = -log Ka - log
[A-] [conjugate base]
- pH = pKa + log
-log [H ] = -log Ka + log
+ [A ] [acid]
[HA]
-
pH = pKa + log [A ]
[HA]
16.2
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.30 M HCOOH
and 0.52 M HCOOK?
16.3
Which of the following are buffer systems? (a) KF/HF
(b) KCl/HCl, (c) Na2CO3/NaHCO3
16.3
Calculate the pH of the 0.30 M NH3/0.36 M NH4Cl buffer
system. What is the pH after the addition of 20.0 mL of
0.050 M NaOH to 80.0 mL of the buffer solution?
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
[NH4+] [OH-]
Kb = = 1.8 X 10-5
[NH3]
Initial 0.30 0.36 0
Change -x +x +x
End 0.30 - x 0.36 + x x
(.36 + x)(x)
1.8 X 10-5 =
(.30 x)
0.36x
1.8 X 10
-5
x = 1.5 X 10-5 pOH = 4.82 pH= 9.18
0.30
16.3
Calculate the pH of the 0.30 M NH3/0.36 M NH4Cl buffer
system. What is the pH after the addition of 20.0 mL of
0.050 M NaOH to 80.0 mL of the buffer solution?
final volume = 80.0 mL + 20.0 mL = 100 mL
NH4+ 0.36 M x 0.080 L = 0.029 mol / .1 L = 0.29 M
OH- 0.050 x 0.020 L = 0.001 mol / .1 L = 0.01M
NH3 0.30 M x 0.080 = 0.024 mol / .1 L = 0.24M
start (M) 0.29 0.01 0.24
NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l) + NH3 (aq)
end (M) 0.28 0.0 0.25
[H+] [NH3]
Ka= = 5.6 X 10 -10
[NH4+] [H+] = 6.27 X 10 -10
[H+] 0.25 pH = 9.20
= 5.6 X 10 -10
0.28 16.3
Calculate the pH of the 0.30 M NH3/0.36 M NH4Cl buffer
system. What is the pH after the addition of 20.0 mL of
0.050 M NaOH to 80.0 mL of the buffer solution?
[NH3] [0.30]
pH = pKa + log pKa = 9.25 pH = 9.25 + log = 9.17
[NH4+] [0.36]
final volume = 80.0 mL + 20.0 mL = 100 mL
[0.25]
pH = 9.25 + log = 9.20
[0.28]
16.3
Chemistry In Action: Maintaining the pH of Blood
16.3
Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is
added gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.
16.4
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations
CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)
CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l)
At equivalence point (pH > 7):
CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + CH3COOH (aq)
16.4
Strong Acid-Weak Base Titrations
HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4Cl (aq)
H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4Cl (aq)
At equivalence point (pH < 7):
NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l) NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq)
16.4
Acid-Base Indicators
16.5
pH
16.5
The titration curve of a strong acid with a strong base.
16.5
Which indicator(s) would you use for a titration of HNO 2
with KOH ?
16.5
Finding the Equivalence Point
(calculation method)
Strong Acid vs. Strong Base
100 % ionized! pH = 7 No equilibrium!
Weak Acid vs. Strong Base
Acid is neutralized; Need Kb for conjugate base
equilibrium
Strong Acid vs. Weak Base
Base is neutralized; Need Ka for conjugate acid
equilibrium
Weak Acid vs. Weak Base
Depends on the strength of both; could be
conjugate acid, conjugate base, or pH 7
Exactly 100 mL of 0.10 M HNO2 are titrated with 100 mL of
a 0.10 M NaOH solution. What is the pH at the
equivalence point ?
start (moles) 0.01 0.01
HNO2 (aq) + OH- (aq) NO2- (aq) + H2O (l)
end (moles) 0.0 0.0 0.01
0.01
Final volume = 200 mL [NO2 ] = 0.200 = 0.05 M
-
Co(H2O)62+ CoCl2-
4
16.10
16.10
Complex Ion Formation
These are usually formed from a transition
metal surrounded by ligands (polar
molecules or negative ions).
As a "rule of thumb" you place twice the
number of ligands around an ion as the
charge on the ion... example: the dark
blue Cu(NH3)42+ (ammonia is used as a
test for Cu2+ ions), and Ag(NH3)2+.
Memorize the common ligands.
Common Ligands
Ligands Names used in the ion
H2O aqua
NH3 ammine
OH- hydroxy
Cl- chloro
Br- bromo
CN- cyano
SCN- thiocyanato (bonded through
sulphur)
isothiocyanato (bonded through
nitrogen)
Names
Names: ligand first, then cation
Examples:
tetraamminecopper(II) ion: Cu(NH3)42+
diamminesilver(I) ion: Ag(NH3)2+.
tetrahydroxyzinc(II) ion: Zn(OH)4 2-
The charge is the sum of the parts
(2+) + 4(-1)= -2.
When Complexes Form
Aluminum also forms complex ions as do some post transitions
metals. Ex: Al(H2O)63+
Transitional metals, such as Iron, Zinc and Chromium, can form
complex ions.
The odd complex ion, FeSCN2+, shows up once in a while
Acid-base reactions may change NH3 into NH4+ (or vice versa)
which will alter its ability to act as a ligand.
Visually, a precipitate may go back into solution as a complex
ion is formed. For example, Cu 2+ + a little NH4OH will form the
light blue precipitate, Cu(OH) 2. With excess ammonia, the
complex, Cu(NH3)42+, forms.
Keywords such as "excess" and "concentrated" of any
solution may indicate complex ions. AgNO3 + HCl forms the
white precipitate, AgCl. With excess, concentrated HCl, the
complex ion, AgCl2-, forms and the solution clears.
Coordination Number
Total number of bonds from the ligands
to the metal atom.
Coordination numbers generally range
between 2 and 12, with 4
(tetracoordinate) and 6 (hexacoordinate)
being the most common.
Some Coordination Complexes
molecular Lewis Lewis acid donor coordination
formula base/ligand atom number