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4
POWER
SYSTEM
ENGINEERI
NG
1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Power
Generation
Introduction
The power system of today is a complex interconnected
network.
Generation
One of the essential components of power systems is the
three phase AC generator known as synchronous
generator or alternator.
Generator
Exciter
Generation
Synchronous generators have 2 synchronous rotating fields:-
One fields is produced by the rotor driven at synchronous
speed and excited by a dc current. The dc current is
provided by excitation systems.
One field is produced in the stator windings by the three-
phase armature currents.
In a power plant, the size of generator can vary from 50 MW
to 1500 MW.
Use several generator connected in parallel in power grid to
provide total power.
Generation
Another major component of power systems is the
transformer.
Function:- Transfer power with very high efficiency
from one level of voltage to another level.
The power transferred to the secondary is almost the
same as the primary, except for the losses in the
transformer.
Distribution
The distribution system is the part which connects the
distribution substations to the consumers service-entrance
equipment.
The secondary distribution network reduces the voltage for
utilization by commercial and residential consumer, normally
at the level of 415 V (3-phase) or 240V (single phase).
Distribution systems are both overhead and underground.
In Malaysia, Distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and 415/240
Volts. (Johor & Perak may also include 22kV and 6.6kV).
Loads
Loads of power system are divide into industrial, commercial
and residential.
Large industrial loads are served directly from sub
transmission network.
Small industrial loads are served from the primary distribution
network.
The real power loads are expressed in terms of kilowatts or
megawatts.
The magnitude of load varies throughout the day and the
power must be available to consumers on demand.
Introduction
The energy of water utilized for hydro-power generation
may be kinetic or potential.
Kinetic energy of water is an energy in motion and is a
function of mass and velocity while potential energy is a
function of the different in level of water between two
points ( called the head).
In either case continuous availability of water is a basic
requirement. For this purpose water collected in natural
lakes and reservoir at high altitudes may be made by us
or water may be artificially stored by constructing dams
across flowing streams.
Hydrology Process
Hydroelectric power uses the kinetic energy of moving water to
make electricity. The hydrologic cycle is very important to
hydropower. The hydro energy comes indirectly from solar energy.
Introduction
Thermal generating stations produce electricity from the
heat released by the combustion of coal, oil or natural
gas. Most stations have ratings between 200 MW and
1500 MW so as to attain the high efficiency and economy
of a large installation.
Normally located near a river, lake or sea because a large
quantities of cooling water are needed to condense the
steam as it exhaust from the turbine.
T2
(1 ) x100
T1
Where:-
= efficiency of the machine (%)
T1=Temperature of the gas entering the turbine[K]
T2= Temperature of the gas leaving the turbine [K]
=(1-(293/823))x100 = 64.4%
Introduction
In nuclear power generation, nuclear fission takes place
when a free neutron strikes the nucleus of a fissile
material, such as 235U.
On impact the nucleus splits into several particles; two
major fission fragments such as radioactive krypton and
cesium, and 2 to 5 new free neutrons releasing energy
which is manifested as a heat.
In this process some of the new neutrons released
collided with each other fissile nuclei which also split and
chain reaction is set up.
Introduction
The plant containing the fissile material is a called a
reactor or a pile.
The reactor produces heat which must be converted into
energy via heat exchanger, turbine and generator. There
are many different types of reactors with different
coolants and moderators, and different types of fissile
fuel.
Two types of general rectors are:-
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Introduction
Geothermal power is defined as the transfer of heat from
the hot interior of the earth to the cooler exterior. The
heat originates from molten rock in the earths crust.
Water is then pumped to the surface by deep well pumps.
The water gives up its heat in a heat exchanger to heat a
liquid to a boiling point and then it is superheated.
Then steam is injected in the turbine. The condensate
from turbine is changed into water.
The water then gets cooled off in a cooling system. The
cooled water can be pumped back below ground to be
reheated by the earth.
Introduction
Wind energy is the use of the wind as an energy source. A
wind energy system transforms the kinetic (moving) energy of
the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be
harnessed for practical use.
Wind has been utilized as a source of power for thousands of
years for such tasks as propelling sailing ships, grinding grain,
pumping water, and powering factory machinery.
Mechanical energy: Wind energy can be harnessed by sails for
transportation (sailboats) and other purposes such as grinding
grain and pumping water.
Electrical energy: Harnessing the wind for electricity
generation is the most widespread use of wind energy today.
Introduction
Wind power plants or wind farms as they are sometimes
called, are clusters of wind machines used to produce
electricity.
A wind farm usually has dozens of wind machines
scattered over a large area.
Unlike power plants, many wind plants are not owned by
public utility companies. Instead they are owned and
operated by business people who sell the electricity
produced on the wind farm to electric utilities.
These private companies are known as Independent
Power Producers (IPPs)
EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 31
Wind Power Generation
Introduction
Operating a wind power plant is not as simple as just
building a windmill in a windy place.
Wind plant owners must carefully plan where to locate
their machines.
One important thing to consider is how fast and how
much the wind blows. As a rule, wind speed increases
with altitude and over open areas with no windbreaks.
Good sites for wind plants are the tops of smooth,
rounded hills, open plains or shorelines, and mountain
gaps that produce wind funneling. Wind speed varies
throughout the country. It also varies from season to
season
EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 32
Wind Power Generation
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are either upwind machines (a) or downwind machines (b). Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) accept the
wind from any direction (c).
Introduction
The sunlight can be change directly to electricity by using
solar cells. Solar cells are also called as photovoltaic
cells or PV cells. It can be found on many small
appliances, like calculator, and even a space craft.
A material or device that is capable of converting the
energy contained in photons of light into an electrical
voltage and current is said to be photovoltaic (PV).
The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process
through which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity.
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar
energy.
Introduction
These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding
to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons
strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may
pass right through. Only the absorbed photons generate electricity.
When this happens, the energy of the photon is transferred to an
electron in an atom of the cell. With its newfound energy, the
electron is able to escape from its normal position associated with
that atom to become part of the current in an electrical circuit.
By leaving this position, the electron causes a "hole" to form.
Special electrical properties of the PV cella built-in electric
fieldprovide the voltage needed to drive the current through an
external load.
Introduction
Electrons flow from the n-side contact, through the load,
and back to the p-side where they recombine with holes.
Conventional current I is in the opposite direction.
(c)
EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 41
Solar (Photovoltaic) Power Generation