Induction Motor

Induction Motor
RkTiwary
Induction Motor
Why induction motor (IM)?

Robust; No brushes. No contacts on rotor
shaft
High Power/Weight ratio compared to Dc
motor
Lower Cost/Power
Easy to manufacture
Almost maintenance-free, except for
bearing and other mechanical parts
Disadvantages
Essentially a fixed-speed machine
Speed is determined by the supply
frequency
Stator
Construction
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Production of a rotating magnetic field
RSRF, YSYF and BSBF

In general, if f is the frequency of the currents in the stator
windings and the stator is wound to be equivalent to p pairs of
poles, the speed of revolution of the
rotating magnetic field, i.e. the synchronous speed, ns is given by:
A three-phase two-pole inductionmotor is connected to a
50 Hz supply. Determine the synchronous speed of the
motor in rev/min.
A three-phase two-pole inductionmotor is connected to a
50 Hz supply. Determine the synchronous speed of the
motor in rev/min.
ns =( f /p) rev/s,
The motor has a two-pole system, hence p, the number of

pairs of poles, is 1.
Thus, synchronous speed, ns =(50/1)=50 rev/s=5060
rev/min
=3000 rev/min.
Principle of operation of a three-phase induction motor
Slip:
If the rotor runs at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field,
no e.m.f.s are induced in the rotor, hence there is no force on
them and no torque on the rotor.
Thus the rotor slows down. For this reason the rotor can never run
at synchronous speed.
Slip cotnd:
When there is no load on the rotor, the resistive forces
due to windage and bearing friction are small and the
rotor runs very nearly at synchronous speed.As the rotor is
loaded, the speed falls and this causes an increase in the
frequency of the induced e.m.f.s in the rotor bars
and hence the rotor current, force and torque increase.
slip speed = ns nr rev/s
Problem A 3-phase, 60 Hz induction motor has 2 poles.
If the slip is 2 per cent at a certain load, determine
(a) the synchronous speed,
(b) the speed of the rotor, and
(c) the frequency of the induced e.m.f.s in the rotor.
(a)f =60 Hz and p=(2/2)=1. Hence synchronous speed,

ns =( f /p)
= (60/1) =60 rev/s or 6060 = 3600 rev/min.
(a)f =60 Hz and p=(2/2)=1. Hence synchronous speed,

ns =( f /p)
= (60/1) =60 rev/s or 6060 = 3600 rev/min.
(b)
i.e. the rotor runs at 58.860=3528 rev/min

.
(b)
(c) Since the synchronous speed is 60 rev/s and that of

the rotor is 58.8 rev/s, the rotating magnetic field cuts the
rotor bars at (6058.8)=1.2 rev/s.
Thus the frequency of the e.m.f.s induced in the
rotor bars,
Rotor e.m.f. and frequency
When an induction motor is stationary, the stator and
rotor windings form the equivalent of a transformer as
shown in Fig The rotor e.m.f. at standstill
is given by
where E1 is the supply

voltage per phase to the
stator
When running, rotor e.m.f. per phase=Er =Se2

i.e. rotor e.m.f. per phase =
The rotor e.m.f. is induced by an alternating flux and the
rate at which the flux passes the conductors is the slip
speed. Thus the frequency of the rotor e.m.f. is given by:
Hence fr = sf
Problem The frequency of the supply to the stator of an

8-pole induction motor is 50 Hz and the rotor frequency is
3 Hz. Determine (a) the slip, and (b) the rotor speed
The rotor e.m.f. is induced by an alternating flux and the
rate at which the flux passes the conductors is the slip
speed. Thus the frequency of the rotor e.m.f. is given by:
Hence fr = sf

(a) fr =sf . Hence 3=(s)(50) from which, s= 0.06 or 6%
(a)fr =sf . Hence 3=(s)(50) from which, s= 0.06 or 6%
(b) Synchronous speed, ns =f /p=50/4=12.5 rev/s
or (12.560)=750 rev/min
Hence
and rotor speed, nr = 12.5 (0.06)(12.5) = 11.75 rev/s

or 705 rev/min
Rotor impedance and current
Rotor resistance
The rotor resistance R2 is unaffected by frequency or
slip, and hence remains constant.
Rotor reactance
Rotor reactance varies with the frequency of the rotor
current. At standstill, reactance per phase, X2 =2 f L.
When running, reactance per phase,
Xr = 2frL
= 2(s f )L = s(2 f L) Rotor circuit
i.e. Xr =sX2 when running
Rotor impedance
Rotor impedance per phase,
Rotor impedance
At standstill, slip s=1, then

Rotor impedance
Rotor current
at standstill, starting current,
Rotor impedance
Rotor current
at standstill, starting current,
and when running, current,

Rotor copper loss
Power P=2nT,
where T is the torque in newton metres,
hence torque T =(P/2n).
If P2 is the power input to the rotor from the rotating
field, and Pm is the mechanical power output (including
friction losses)
Then
from which
Rotor copper loss
Power P=2nT,
where T is the torque in newton metres,
hence torque T =(P/2n).
If P2 is the power input to the rotor from the rotating
field, and Pm is the mechanical power output (including
friction losses)
Then P2 Pm is the electrical
or copper loss in the
rotor, i.e.
from which P2 Pm =I2r R2. Hence
Induction motor losses and efficiency
Figuresummarises losses in induction

motors.
Motor efficiency,
The power supplied to a three-phase induction motor is
32kW and the stator losses are 1200W. If the slip is 5
per cent, determine
(a)The rotor copper loss,
(b)the total mechanical power developed by the rotor,
(c) the output power of themotor if friction and windage
losses are 750W, and
(d) the efficiency of the motor, neglecting rotor iron loss.
per cent, determine
(a) Input power to rotor = stator input power stator

losses
= 32kW 1.2 kW
= 30.8 kW
per cent, determine
(a) Input power to rotor = stator input power stator

from which, rotor
losses
copper loss=(0.05)
= 32kW 1.2 kW (30.8)
= 30.8 kW =1.54kW
per cent, determine
from which, rotor copper loss=(0.05)(30.8) =1.54kW
(a) (b) Input power to rotor =1.54kW
Total mechanical power developed by the rotor
= rotor input power rotor losses
= 30.8 1.54 = 29.26kW
per cent, determine
Total mechanical power developed by the rotor =

30.8 1.54 = 29.26kW
Output power of motor =
power developed by the rotor friction and windage
per cent, determine
Output power of motor =

power developed by the rotor friction and windage
losses
= 29.26 0.75 = 28.51kW
D

Induction Motor

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Induction Motor

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Induction Motor

Why induction motor (IM)?

RSRF, YSYF and BSBF

The motor has a two-pole system, hence p, the number of

(a)f =60 Hz and p=(2/2)=1. Hence synchronous speed,

(a)f =60 Hz and p=(2/2)=1. Hence synchronous speed,

i.e. the rotor runs at 58.860=3528 rev/min

(c) Since the synchronous speed is 60 rev/s and that of

where E1 is the supply

When running, rotor e.m.f. per phase=Er =Se2

Problem The frequency of the supply to the stator of an

Problem The frequency of the supply to the stator of an

and rotor speed, nr = 12.5 (0.06)(12.5) = 11.75 rev/s

At standstill, slip s=1, then

At standstill, slip s=1, then

At standstill, slip s=1, then

and when running, current,

Figuresummarises losses in induction

(a) Input power to rotor = stator input power stator

(a) Input power to rotor = stator input power stator

Total mechanical power developed by the rotor =

Output power of motor =

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