Introduction to Marine and

Fisheries Science
What ?
Why ?
 Tsunami Characteristics
What type of wave is a tsunami? (only one
answer is correct)
A deep water wave
A shallow water wave
A deep water wave in deep ocean
water and a shallow water wave near
the coast
I dont know
Apa jenis gelombang tsunami? (Hanya
satu jawaban yang benar)
The Krakatau Tsunami
 Krakatau Eruption and Tsunami
27 August 1883

The Krakatau 27th August 1883 Eruption and Tsunami

massive volcanic eruption that was heard from Perth, Australia to Colombo, Sri Lankan
a devastating tsunami developed
wiping out 250 coastal villages killing 36.000 people, destroying thousands of fisher boats
massive coral boulders were carried hundreds of metres inland (can be seen at Cerita beach
Cerita beach received its name from the Krakatau Story; thousands of dead bodies were washed ashore
along the beach
sea level changes were recorded in New Zealand, Alaska, Panama and the English Channel
a cloud of volcanic dust rose 40 km into the atmosphere
atmospheric particles lowered the earths average annual temperature by about 0.5o C
spectacular sunsets were seen in many parts of the world (and were recorded in a number of paintings
around the world); even the moon appeared blue!
Krakatau 27 Agustus 1883 Letusan dan Tsunami
letusan gunung berapi besar yang terdengar dari Perth, Australia ke Colombo, Sri Lanka
tsunami dahsyat dikembangkan
memusnahkan 250 desa pesisir membunuh 36.000 orang, menghancurkan ribuan kapal nelayan
batu-batu karang besar yang dilakukan ratusan meter pedalaman (dapat dilihat di Cerita pantai
Cerita pantai menerima namanya dari "Krakatau - Story"; ribuan mayat terdampar di sepanjang pantai
Perubahan permukaan laut tercatat di Selandia Baru, Alaska, Panama dan Selat Inggris
awan debu vulkanik naik 40 km ke atmosfer
partikel atmosfer menurunkan suhu rata-rata tahunan bumi sekitar 0.5o C
matahari terbenam yang spektakuler terlihat di banyak bagian dunia (dan dicatat dalam sejumlah lukisan di
seluruh dunia); bahkan bulan muncul biru!
A Glimpse of a Tsunami Early Warning System from the
Pacific Ocean A Glimpse of a Tsunami Early Warning
System from the Pacific Ocean
Tsunami di Aceh ?
The 2004 Aceh Tsunami
The Indonesian Ring of Fire
Coral Reefs at Nias-Islands
Lifted by Tsunami
 What is a tsunami?
The word tsunami is Japanese and means big habour wave (tsu = harbour; nami =long)
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves of extremely long wave length and long period
generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that displaces the water
Tsunami triggers
Earthquakes (mainly)
Landslides in the sea or into the sea,
volcanic eruptions,
nuclear explosions
and even impacts of objects from out space (meteorites, asteroids, and comets) can also generate
tsunamis
Kata tsunami Jepang dan berarti "besar gelombang habour" (tsu = pelabuhan; nami = panjang)
Tsunami adalah serangkaian gelombang laut dengan panjang gelombang yang sangat panjang dan
lama dihasilkan dalam badan air oleh gangguan impulsif yang menggantikan air
pemicu tsunami
Gempa bumi (terutama)
Tanah longsor di laut atau ke laut,
letusan gunung berapi,
ledakan nuklir
dan bahkan dampak dari benda-benda dari luar angkasa (meteorit, asteroid, dan komet) juga dapat
menghasilkan tsunami
Submarine Earthquakes as
Triggers of Tsunamis
Tsunami generation at tectonic plate
boundaries - 1

After last earthquake:

Indian-Australian plate moves against
and underneath the Euroasian plate

~100 yrs later

Indian-Australian plate flexes down,
warped spring
-like; tension is built up; rise of costal
zone
Plate snaps at plate boundary
(accumulated strain, rupture of fault)
nose of the overriding plate pushes out,
movement of waterbody lying above
lowering of coastal area
EARTHQUAKE!
 Birth of tsunami:
waterbody uplifted by snapped plate

Depression of center waves radiating outwards

Uplifting of waterbody in center,

propagation of waves towards coastline
 What is a wave?
In general we can say that a wave is any periodic,
vertical displacement of a surface. Waves are
produced by a generating force and a restoring
force; it then propagates away from the source of
disturbance.
Secara umum kita dapat mengatakan bahwa
gelombang adalah setiap periodik, perpindahan
vertikal dari permukaan. Gelombang yang dihasilkan
oleh kekuatan pembangkit dan gaya pemulih;
kemudian menjalar jauh dari sumber gangguan.
GELOMBANG DAN SIFAT
FISIKNYA
a) Regular, symmetrical
waves are described by
their height, wavelength,
and period (the time one
wavelength travels to pass
a fixed point)

b) Waves are classified

according to their wave
period
a) Regular, gelombang
simetris dijelaskan dengan
 SIFAT FISIK TSUNAMI
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves of
Extremly long wave length (100 - 500 km apart)
long period (10 minutes to 2 hours apart)
Small wave heights (0.5-1m)
High velocities (800-1000 km/hour) (may cross an entire ocean within 24 hours)
The wave radiates outwards
Wind-generated waves
The anatomy of a tsunami wave is similar to that of a wind-generated wave
wave speed of 8 -100 km per hour
wave period of 5-20 seconds apart and a
shorter wave length of 100 - 200 meters apart
velocity of a wave depends on the depth of the ocean. The deeper the ocean is, the faster the wave travels!
Tsunami adalah serangkaian gelombang laut dari
Extremly panjang panjang gelombang (100 - 500 km terpisah)
jangka waktu yang panjang (10 menit sampai 2 jam terpisah)
ketinggian gelombang kecil (0.5-1m)
kecepatan tinggi (800-1000 km / jam) (mungkin menyeberangi seluruh samudra dalam waktu 24 jam)
gelombang memancarkan keluar
gelombang angin yang dihasilkan
Anatomi gelombang tsunami adalah mirip dengan gelombang yang dihasilkan angin
kecepatan gelombang 8 -100 km per jam
periode gelombang 5-20 detik terpisah dan
panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek 100 - 200 meter terpisah
kecepatan gelombang tergantung pada kedalaman laut. Semakin dalam laut, semakin cepat gelombang perjalanan!
 UKURAN TSUNAMI
Size depends on
Size of earthquake
Shore line
Morphology of the coast
(bathymetry)
Where is the tsunami high and
where low
In bays high, bay works like
a funnel
On headland lower,
headland diverts the tsunami
Ukuran tergantung pada
Ukuran gempa
garis pantai
 Most of the waves present on the oceans surface are wind-generated waves.
Size and type of wind-generated waves are controlled by:
wind velocity,
wind duration,
fetch,
the original state of the sea surface.
Sebagian besar gelombang hadir di permukaan laut adalah gelombang angin
yang dihasilkan.
Ukuran dan jenis gelombang angin yang dihasilkan dikendalikan oleh:
kecepatan angin,
durasi angin,
mengambil,
negara asli dari permukaan laut.