The crust of the earth is

made of rock.
 What is a Rock?
Rocks are any
solid mass of
mineral or
mineral-like
matter occurring
naturally as part
of our planet.
Rocks are everywhere.
3 Types of
Rocks:
Igneous Rocks
 Igneous Rocks

Ignis = Latin for fire

Called fire rocks

The most abundant type of rock

Classified according to their origin

and composition
 These are rocks formed by the cooling of molten rock
(magma.)

volcano

Magma cools and solidifies forming igneous rocks.

magma
Any rock that is melted, can cool off and
become igneous rock.
Types of Igneous Rocks:

1.Intrusive Igneous
Rocks

2.Extrusive Igneous
Rocks
Molten rock is called magma when it is below the
earths surface. When magma cools and becomes
solid, it forms intrusive igneous rock
Intrusive igneous rock cools slowly
and usually has large grains.
.

granite
gabbro
It is lava when it is
above,when cools
and hardens,
extrusive igneous
rock is formed.
 Extrusive igneous rock
cools quickly and usually
has small grains.

basalt pumice
 Some extrusive igneous
rocks cool so fast, they have
no grains at all!

obsidian (volcanic glass)

Peridotite: Intrusive or Extrusive? Why?
Granite: Intrusive or Extrusive? Why?
Obsidian: Intrusive or Extrusive? Why?
COMPOSITION What kind of
substances the rocks are made of
Basaltic Igneous Rocks
made from lava/magma that
is low in silica, rich in iron
and magnesium. Rocks are
dark-colored.
 Granitic Igneous Rocksmade
from magma/lava high in silica
and oxygen. Rocks are light-
colored.
 Andesitic Igneous Rocks
have a composition between
basaltic and granitic.
Pegmatite Basalt Granite

Peridotite Diorite Obsidian

Rivers can carry sediment
that piles up under water.
The layers pile up and eventually
become hardened into rock
 Some
sedimentary
rock forms
when water
evaporates
and minerals
are left
behind.
 Form when loose sediment (rocks, pebbles, gravel,
sand,mud) is deposited by water, compacted, and cemented
together.

The sediments press down on the layers beneath

(compaction) and form solid rock called sedimentary rocks.

Form along
beaches, by
rivers, or under
the water in lake
or oceans.
What turns sediments into solid rock?
Wind and water
breaks down the
earth.
Bits of earth settle in
lakes and rivers
Layers are formed
and build up
Pressure and time
turn the layers to
rock
 Any rock that weathers into
sediment can be pressed and
cemented. It becomes sedimentary
rock.
Sedimentary Rocks
 Dissolved minerals flow between the
particles and cement them together
(cementation)
 Plants & animals are caught in
the layers of sediment and leave
an imprint in the rock.
Fossils are often found in
sedimentary rocks.
 Fossils tell us a lot about
things that lived long ago.
 How can sedimentary layers help us understand
the age of fossils?

As sedimentary rocks
are deposited, they form
horizontal layers.
Scientists know that the
layers on top (and the
fossils in the top layer)
are YOUNGER than the
fossils in lower layers.
Sedimentary rocks often look
like glued together rocks,
pebbles, or sand.

sandstone conglomerate
Halite (salt) and gypsum
are formed this way.
 3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks:
Clastic (also called Detrial)made of
broken pieces of other rocks
2. Organicremains of plants and animals
are deposited in thick layers
Examples:
Fossil rich limestone is made from the
shells of ocean animals; used to make chalk
3. Chemicalminerals dissolved in
lakes, seas, or underground water
Examples:
Limestone made
when calcite mineral
precipitates from sea
water

Rock Salt
made from
evaporation of
sea waters
 Sedimentary Rocks

Limestone Breccia Chert

Rock salt Coal Oil shale

 Rocks that have changed due to
intense temperature and pressure
Meta means change and
morphosis means form in Greek
Igneous, sedimentary and other
metamorphic rocks can change to
become metamorphic rocks
 Metamorphic rock is rock that
has been changed by heat and
pressure.
.
 Form when igneous, sedimentary, or other
metamorphic rocks are heated .
This can either happen underground or above
ground.
Underground: high pressure and heat
Above ground: volcano erupting
 How metamorphic rocks change?

Say a sedimentary rock is pushed down towards the

earths mantle
The magma heats it up and changes its structure
Also the pressure can take part in this process.
The pressure comes from rocks above and they get
pushed down.
So the texture, mineral structure and physical properties
all change
However, they have the same because they have the
same chemical compounds.
 How are metamorphic rocks classified?
Foliatedmineral
grains are flattened
and line up in parallel
bands
Example: gneiss
formed from
rearrangement of
minerals in granite
into bands
With enough pressure and lots
of heat, any rock can change
and become metamorphic
rock.
Non-Foliated No bands are formed

Example: marble formed from limestone

 metamorphic rocks

Phyllite Amphibolite Quartzite

Novaculite Soapstone Marble

Heat & pressure can change
sandstone into quartzite.
Granite can become gneiss
shale can
become
schist
But rocks dont always stay
the same. Any kind of rock
can change into another
kind of rock.
 This pattern of
changing rock is
called the
The rock cycle is used to
explain how the three
rock types change to
each other.
 What is the process through
which rocks change?

The Rock Cycleearth materials change

back and forth among the different types
of rocks
 REVIEW
1. Rocks are made of minerals.
2. There are 3 kinds of rocks.
3. Rocks made from cooled lava or
magma are igneous.
4. Sedimentary rocks are made of
layers of sediments that have been
cemented together.
5. Metamorphic rocks have been
changed with heat and pressure.
6. All rocks can change in the rock
cycle.
Rocks is a natural material called minerals.
Some types of rock, such as granite, are
very hard.
Some types of rock, such as chalk, are
very soft.
Rocks come in many different colors.
Rocks have different patterns in them.
Rock does not burn when it is heated.
Rock does not let electricity flow through it.
Rock is not attracted by magnets.
 SEDIMENTARYrock Has been formed in
layers Often found near water sources With
fossils from decayers
Then there's IGNEOUS rock Here since Earth
was born Molten Lava, cooled and hardened
That's how it is formed
These two types of rocks Can also be
transformed With pressure, heat and
chemicals METAMORPHIC they'll become