INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

V Vinayaka Ram
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
PLANE SURVEYING

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 PLANE SURVEYING

Art of determining the relative

positions of the points on, above or
beneath the surface of the earth by
means of direct or indirect
measurement of distance, direction
and elevation
Basic Needs: Mathematics, Physics,
Astronomy
Earth: Oblate Spheroid with Polar
axis of 12,713,800m and Equatorial
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 PLANE SURVEYING

Plane Surveying Mean surface of the earth

is a plane, and spherical shape is ignored
All triangles formed by survey lines are
Plane Triangles
All plumb lines are Parallel
The length of the 12Kms long lying on the
earth surface is only 1cm longer than the
subtended chord
For the earth surface having a triangle of
area 195Sq. Km, the sum of the angles differ
by 1 second for plane and spherical BITS
triangles
Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 PLANE SURVEYING

Geodetic Surveying Actual

surface of the earth is
considered

Spherical Trigonometry is used

to solve the problems in this
branch of surveying

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING

Land Surveying
Topographic Surveying
Cadastral Surveying Property Lines
City Surveying Streets, Water Supply
Marine / Hydrological Surveying
Astronomical Surveying
Engineering Surveying
Military Surveying
Mine Surveying
Geological Surveying
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING

Chain Survey
Theodolite Survey
Traverse Survey
Triangulation Survey
Tachometric Survey
Plane Table Survey
Photogrammetric Survey
Aerial Survey
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 PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING

Working from whole to part (To

localize and to stop the
accumulation of the errors )
For any point, its reference
must be kept from at least two
permanent objects or stations
whose position have already
been well defined
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
Working from whole to Part

Hierarchy of networks ofcontrol

points.
The less precise networks are
established within the higher
precise network and thus restrict
the errors.
To minimize the error limit, highest
precise networks (primary
networks)are established using the
most accurate/precise instruments
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
Network Control Points

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
Reference Points

For any point, its reference must be kept from at least

two permanent objects or stations whose position have
already been well defined

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

Basic Targets of Plane Surveying

Horizontal Distance, Horizontal Angle
Vertical Distance, Vertical Angle

Lengths, Areas and Volumes:

British Units and Metric Units

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

Angular Measurements

Sexagesimal
(Degree, minutes and seconds)

Centesimal
(1Circumference=400grads, 1 Grad = 100 Centi Grads,
1 Centi Grad = 100 Centi Centi grads)

Hours systems
(1 Circumference=24Hours, 1Hour=60Min, 1Min=60Sec)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING SCALES

length of line on map

Scale
length of the same line in field

Length of the line on map= length of line

in field x scale
Length of line on ground = length of line
on map / scale

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TYPES OF THE SCALES

Plain Scale
Diagonal Scale
Vernier Scale
Scale of Chords

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 PLAIN SCALE

Select a suitable scale for drawing rectangular area 400m x

800m on a paper with dimensions of 40 x 60 cm

40 cm 40 cm 1
For width
400 m 400 x100 cm 1000
60 cm 60 cm 1
For length
800 m 800 x100 cm 1300
1 1
The suitable scale is Which can be approximated to
1300 1500

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 DIAGONAL SCALE

The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is
represented by a line 5 cm long. Find its R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to
show single km and a maximum of 600 km. Indicate on it following
distances. 1) 222 km 2) 336 km 3) 459 km 4) 569 km

RF = 5 cm / 200 km = 1 / 40, 00, 000

Length of scale = 15 cm for 600 km (Since it is 5cm per 200km)

Draw a line 15 cm long. It will represent 600 km. Divide it in six equal parts. ( each will
represent 100 km.)
Divide first division in ten equal parts. Each will represent 10 km.
Draw a line upward from left end and mark 10 parts on it of any distance.
Name those parts 0 to 10 as shown. Join 9th sub-division of horizontal scale with 10th
division of the vertical divisions.
Then draw parallel lines to this line from remaining sub divisions and complete
diagonal scale.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 DIAGONAL SCALE - CONTINUED

569 km
459 km
336 km
222 km
10
9
8
7
6
KM

5
4
3
2
1
0
KM 50
100 0 100 200 300 400 500
R.F. = 1 / 40,00,000

DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS.

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VERNIER SCALE

Hope you remember this.

Vernier Calipers

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 SCALE OF CHORDS

800 900
700
600

500

400

300

200

100

00
A O

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

Repeatability
The ability of an operator to consistently
repeat the same measurement of the
same part, using the same gage, under
the same conditions

Reproducibility
The ability of a gage, used by multiple
operators, to consistently reproduce the
same measurement of the same part,
under the same conditions
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 ERRORS

Random
Systematic
Natural
Personal

BAD DATA IS WORSE THAN NO DATA AT ALL

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 ERRORS

Random
Un predictable
Small and usually gets cancelled by
themselves
Controlled by repeating the
measurements
Natural
Environment factors that can cause
errors
Must use correction values

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 ERRORS

Systematic
Usually caused by damaged
equipment
Error tends to multiply for each
measurement
Controlled by calibrating the
equipment

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 ERRORS

Personal
Commonly called blunders
Controlled by following established
procedures
Controlled by Strict Supervision

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ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Accuracy & Precision Accuracy without

Precision

Precision without No Precision & No

Accuracy Accuracy

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

THANK YOU