History of Stratigraphy

2000

1975 SQS
DSDP SEISMIC
1950 PALEO- ODP
MAGNETIC HPC

1925
SUBSURFACE
1900 GEOPHYSICS

1850
STAGES
ZONES DSDP- DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT
1800 ODP - OCEAN DRILLING PROJECT
BIRTH OF HPC - HIDRAULIC PISTON CORE
STRATIGRAPHY
 History of Stratigraphy
History of the Earth
Referensi: Bible/Injil bumi diciptakan dalam waktu
satu hari (Boorstin, 1983; Toulmin, 1962-1963)
Original-Rocks and Redeposits-Rocks (Diluvium)
The Noachian Diluge
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Fossil Shells in the high mountains
Uplift (see Kohlberger and Schoch, 1985, Mather and Mason,
1939)
The Noachian Diluge
ABAD 17 19: STENO to LYELL
Principle Stratigraphic Concepts (Facies, Stages, Type of
Unconformities, etc.)
 History of Stratigraphy
STENO (Nicolaus Steno, 1638-1686)
Niels Stenson, Nicoli Stenonis, Nils Steensen
(Fritz and Moore, 1988; Harris, 1979)
Born in Copenhagen, an anatomist-Medcine
Observation geologic in Tuscany Region in Italy
(Boorsin, 1983; Debus, 1968)
Interpreted that Glossopterae or
Tonguestones as a fossil shark teeth (Fietz and
Moore, 1988)
The Principal of Superposition
The Basis of all Stratigraphy (Weller, 1960)
 History of Stratigraphy
THE PRINCIPLE FORMULA OF STENO
The Principle of Superposition
In a sequence of layered rocks, any layer is older than
the layer next above (Dunbar and Rodgers, 1957)
The Principle of Original Horizontality
Strata originally form, under the influence of
gravitational settling of particles, horizontal to the
surface of the earth
The Principle of Original Lateral Continuity
When originally formed, strata were laterally
continous unless they terminated against another solid
substance
History of Stratigraphy

After Bruce Railsback, 2002

Principle of Cross-Cutting

19 century
History of Stratigraphy
 History of Stratigraphy

SiccarPoint, Scotland: Unconformity of

 History of Stratigraphy
The Concept of Rocks Cycling of Hutton
Solid rocks is weathered to peoduce soils
Soil is eroded and transported be running water
to thr oceans where it is deposited in stratified
layers
The sediments are then consolidated into rocks,
and
Finally, the rocks are elevated above sea-level to
be weathered and begin the cycle once again
Concept UNIFORMITARIANISM
 History of Stratigraphy
SMITH (Williem Smith, 1769-1839)
Born in Oxlordshire England
Nickname Strata, William Strata
Smith (Stanley, 1986)
Founding Stratigraphy in Modern Sence (Cox,
1948, Hancock, 1977)
Surveyor and Civil Engineer in canals, mines
and stone-quarrying
Collector fossil in coal mines in the Bath Distric
Found that defferent formations in the
succession had very similar lithologies
History of Stratigraphy
History of Stratigraphy
 History of Stratigraphy: Facies

Johannes Walther (1892) proposed what is now

known as Walthers Law of Facies
Succession

"Facies adjacent to one another in a

continuous vertical sequence also
accumulated adjacent to one another
laterally".
History ofStratigraphy: Time-
Significant Surfaces
1909: Eliot
Blackwelder
published use of
Unconformities as
time markers;
introduced concept
of time represented
by surfaces
(erosional removal
and sedimentary
hiatus)
History of Stratigraphy: Cyclicity
1916: Amadeus Grabau proposed the pulsation theory.
History of Stratigraphy: Base Level
1917: Joseph Barrell stated the most
fundamental events in geologic history--the
time-space distribution of deposition and non-
deposition: the alternating rise and fall of
Base-level.
 What Really Happened:
New Concepts from New Technology
1951 John L. Rich proposes The Concept of
Clinoforms

recognition of seismic reflection

geometries
 History of Stratigraphy: Time
Stratigraphy

1958 Harry Wheeler Produced First Chronostratigraphic Chart

 History of Stratigraphy: Time
Stratigraphy

1963 Lawrence Sloss recognized 6 major sequences in

North America controlled by eustatic sea level changes
Major Variables Affecting Stratigraphy

Climate
Sediment Supply

Eustasy

Tectonics
 The Classic Slug Exxon Model

SB sequence boundary Mfs - maximum flooding surface

LST lowstand systems tract Lsw lowstand wedge
TST transgressive systems tract Sf slope fan
HST highstand systems tract Bf basin-floor fan
SMW shelf-margin wedge
Terminology of Stratigraphic Hierarchies

Composite sequence

High-frequency
Sequence

High-frequency cycle
Transgressive sequence set = retrogradational sequence set
Highstand sequence set = progradational sequence set
Lowstand sequence set