HISTORY

SCRAPBOOK
RUDRA SAHAI
ROLL NO. 28
3C
 LOIUS SULLIVAN
Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been
called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism".
He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and
critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago
group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Wright and Henry
Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture".

Wainwright Building National Farmers' Bank Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building

The Wainwright Building built in 1908, and was the first of Sullivan's The building is remarkable for its steel-
exemplifies Sullivan's "jewel boxes". The building is clad in red framed structure, which allowed a
theories about the tall brick with green terra cotta bands, and dramatic increase in window area
building, which included a features two large arches on its street-facing created by bay-wide windows, which in
tripartite (three-part) facades. Single-story wings, originally turn allowed for the greatest amount of
composition (base-shaft- housing bank offices, extend along each side. daylight into the building interiors. This
attic) based on the structure Internal elements include two stained-glass provided larger displays of merchandise
of the classical column,[10] windows designed by Louis J. Millet, a mural to outside pedestrian traffic creating the
and his desire to emphasize by Oskar Gross, and four immense cast iron idea of the sidewalk showcase.
 PETER BEHRENS
Peter Behrens (14 April 1868 27 February 1940) was a German architect and designer. He was one
of the leaders of architectural reform at the turn of the century and was a major designer of factories
and office buildings in brick, steel and glass. In 1903, Behrens was named director of the
Kunstgewerbeschule in Dsseldorf, where he implemented successful reforms.

AEG turbine factory

The AEG turbine factory was built around 1909, at Peter Behrens' House built by himself, at the Darmstadt Artists'
Huttenstrae 12-16 in the Berlin district of Moabit. It is Colony. The house receiving widespread critical attention at the
the best known work of architect Peter Behrens. It is an 1901 Darmstadt Exhibition for his furniture, fittings, and
influential and well-known example of industrial interiors which, although moving away from the more flowing
architecture. Its revolutionary design features 100m long Art Nouveau forms that had characterized much of his earlier
and 15m tall glass and steel walls on either side. It was a design output, utilized expensive materials and finishes. Peter
bold move and world first that would have a durable Behrens stayed in Darmstadt until 1903 and then moved to
impact on architecture as a whole. Dsseldorf where he was named director of the
Kunstgewerbeschule.
 WORLD EXPO (1889)
The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 6 May to 31 October
1889.
It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event considered
symbolic of the beginning of the French Revolution. The fair included a reconstruction of the Bastille and
its surrounding neighborhood, but with the interior courtyard covered with a blue ceiling decorated with
fleur-de-lys and used as a ball room and gathering place

Eiffel Tower Palais des Beaux-Arts et des Arts libraux The Galerie des machines

The design was The Palace of Fine Arts and Liberal Arts The Galerie des machines (officially Palais
conceptualized using the are twin buildings built for the Paris des machines) was a pavilion built for the
principles of bridge World Fair of 1889 . They are the work Exposition Universelle (1889) The Galerie
structures. of architect Jean-Camille Formig . des machines formed a huge glass and
The Eiffel tower was to Located on the Champ de Mars , they metal hall with an area of 115 by 420
consist of four columns of took place either side of the Eiffel metres (377 by 1,378ft) and a height of
lattice work girders Tower 48.324 metres (158.54ft), it was free of
separated at the base and internal supports.The framework consisted
meeting at the top of the of twenty trusses.The structure incorporated
structure with metal girders the three-pin hinged arch, developed for
 LE CORBUSIER
Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 August 27, 1965), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban
planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.
Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was
influential in urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrs International d'Architecture
Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city of Chandigarh in India, and
contributed specific designs for several buildings there.

Notre Dame du Haut Unit d'habitation Sainte Marie de La Tourette

The structure is made mostly of
concrete. In the interior, the spaces left
between the walls and roof and filled
with clerestory windows, as well as the
asymmetric light from the wall openings,
serve to further reinforce the sacred
nature of the space and reinforce the
relationship of the building with its
surroundings.
The building is constructed in The structural frame is of rough reinforced
bton brut (rough-cast concrete. The panes of glass located on the
concrete), as the hoped-for three exterior faces, the so-called "pans de
steel frame proved too verre ondulatoire" (undulating glass
expensive in light of post-War surfaces), were designed by Xenakis. On the
shortages. Inside, corridors other hand, in the garden-court of the
run through the centre of the cloister, the fenestration is composed of
long axis of every third floor large concrete elements reaching from floor
of the building, with each to ceiling, perforated with glazed voids and
apartment lying on two separated from one another by
 WALTER GROPIUS
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883 5 July 1969) was a German architect and founder of the
Bauhaus School, who, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, is
widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture. His works characteristically
featured simple geometry, use of modern materials such as steel and glass, smooth surfaces, primary
colours and linear and horizontal elements.

The Bauhaus Building Gropius Door Handle Monument to the March Dead

The building is comprised of three wings This door handle by Walter Usually more notable for his
all connected by bridges. The school and Gropius was designed in functionalist approach, the
workshop spaces are associated through 1923, but not "Monument to the March Dead,"
a large two-story bridge, which creates manufactured by the Berlin designed in 1919 and executed in
the roof of the administration located on company S.A. Loevy in any 1920, indicates that expressionism
the underside of the bridge. Some of the quantities until 1923. Such was an influence on him at that time.
various progressions include a window handles were available with
glazing, a skeleton of reinforced concrete various types of angular
and brickwork, mushroom-like ceilings of and rounded plates, roses
the lower level, and roofs covered with and
 MIES VAN DER ROHE
Ludwig Mies van der ; March 27, 1886 August 17, 1969) was a German-American architect. Mies, like
many of his post-World War Icontemporaries, sought to establish a new architectural style that could
represent modern times just asClassicalandGothicdid for their own eras. He created an influential
twentieth-century architectural style, stated with extreme clarity and simplicity. His mature buildings
made use of modern materials such as industrial steel andplate glassto define interior spaces. He strove
toward an architecture with a minimal framework of structural order balanced against the implied
freedom of unobstructed free-flowing open space.

Farnsworth House Seagram Building S. R. Crown Hall

The Farnsworth House addresses basic issues
about the relationship between the individual
and his society. Mies viewed the technology-
driven modern era in which an ordinary
individual exists as largely beyond his control.
The single-story house consists of eight I-
shaped steel columns that support the roof
and floor frameworks, and therefore are both
structural and expressive. In between these
columns are floor-to-ceiling windows around
It stands as one of the most
notable examples of the
functionalist aesthetic and
a prominent instance of
corporate modernism. The
Seagram Building, like
virtually all large buildings
of the time, was built of a
steel frame, from which
non-structural glass walls
Crown Hall is characterized by an
aesthetic of industrial simplicity with
articulated exposed steel frame
construction. The lower 8 ft. of glass
encircling the steel frame is a glazed
transparency meant to allow for few
outside distractions, while the upper 10 ft.
is clear glass to allow more natural light in
as well as viewing of the clouds and sky.
This results in a delicate steel and glass
 WORLD EXPO (1925)
The International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts (French: L'Exposition internationale
des arts dcoratifs et industriels modernes) was a World's fair held in Paris, France, from April to October
1925. It was designed by the French government to highlight the new style modernE of architecture,
interior decoration, furniture, glass, jewellery and other decorative arts in Europe and throughout the
world. Many ideas of the international avant-garde in the fields of architecture and applied arts were
presented for the first time at the Exposition.

Belgian Pavilion Italian Pavilion Swedish Pavilion

Belgian Pavilion; architect, Victor Horta:
The facade of this Pavilion although faintly
suggestive of timber construction had the
character of the Palais de Justice, Brussels.
The rest was in the rather florid style we
have come to associate with exhibition
buildings.
Italian Pavilion; architect, Swedish Pavilion; architect, Carl G.
Brasini Grand Uff. Armando: Bergstein: The plan of this Pavilion was
This Pavilion was built mainly of excellent ... The building itself and its
permanent materials and on a decoration and contents could be said to
very large scale. It had columns be neo-Grec in character, for without
of travertine and beautiful actually accepting Greek mouldings or
coloured bricks, some of the details the architect had created an
joints being picked out in gold. atmosphere of archaic Ionia. The studied
The style was essentially simplicity of the interior and the
Baroque. disposition of the exhibits commanded
 ART DECO - MIAMI
After World War II the dominant architectural style became the International Style
pioneered by Le Corbusier, and Mies Van der Rohe. A handful of Art Deco hotels were built
in Miami Beach after World War II, but elsewhere the style largely vanished, except in
industrial design, where it continued to be used in automobile styling and products such
as juke boxes.

Jerry's Famous Deli The McAlpin The Plymouth

One of Henry Hohauser's classically
enduring designs, the 1939 building
currently occupied by Jerry's Famous Deli
sports a streamlined or nautical style of
Art Deco, with a curving frontage and six
decorative porthole-esque shapes atop
the fascia.
The McAlpin by L. Murray Dixon is
arguably the purest distillation of
Miami's Art Deco style on this
list, with its perfectly
symmetrical design, the
wonderfully Miami pastel hues of
pink and turquoise, the patterns
of lines that stretch the length
and breadth the building's facade
Designed by Anton Skislewicz in 1940.
The narrow slit windows give the building
a futuristic and mysterious ambiance,
while the massive blade of concrete that
cuts through the center of the rounded
facade pronounces the Plymouth's
presence as it towers over the street
corner.

New India Assurance Building
Is an art deco office building made of
reinforced concrete and designed by
Master, Sarhe and Bhuta, with artistic
designer N. G. Pansare. The building's art
deco architectural style combines
modern art deco features with a modified
classicism, evidenced in the strong
vertical ribs of the faade that give the
building a monumental appearance,
making it seem larger than it is in reality.
ART DECO - MUMBAI
The art deco architecture of Mumbai, dubbed Bombay Deco by architectural
historians began sprouting up in a time of post-First World War optimism. The
city was host to a new wave of local businessmen who had found fortune and
wanted to flaunt their new wealth in lavish residences and offices alongside
the heirs of Indias former princely states and the glitterati of the blossoming
Bollywood film industry. It exhibits the largest collection of Art Deco buildings
after Miami.
Regal Cinema Eros Cinema
The Regal Cinema is an Art deco Movie The Eros Cinema is an Art Deco
theatre located at Colaba Causeway, style cinema designed by
built by Framji Sidhwa. Its interiors were Shorabji Bhedwar. Partially faced
designed to create an impression of with red Agra sandstone, this
airiness, coolness and size in harmony building is painted cream. The
with the modern simplicity of the two wings of this Art Deco
exteriors. The Regal was built building meet up in a central
completely in reinforced concrete block. The foyer is in white and
cement. black marble with touches of
gold. Marble staircases with
 NAZI ARCHITECTURE
Nazi architecture is the architecture of the Third Reich, 1933-1945. It is
characterized by three forms: a stripped-down NeoClassicism (typified by the
designs of Speer); a vernacular style that drew inspiration from traditional rural
architecture, especially alpine; and a utilitarian style followed for major
infrastructure projects and industrial or military complexes. Nazi ideology took a
pluralist attitude to architecture; however, Hitler himself believed that form should
follow function and wrote against "stupid imitations of the past"

Air Raid Bunker, Berlin Reich Aviation Ministry Reich Sports Fields

The anti-aircraft bunker, or Its physical presence in the city is
Luftschutzbunker by Karl Bonatz, is a immense: over 2000 offices with a
German invention that followed the floor area of over 110,000 square
first Allied air-raids in Berlin in 1940. meters. The steel prefabricated
Like the Allied bombing of Berlin, structure is covered and
they didnt have much tactical monumentalized with limestone
meaning. These above ground towers blocks, subtle ornaments and a
were meant more as a symbol of massive cornice. The entry was
fortification than an actual designed as a passage through a
instrument of effective protection. In court of honour followed by a
This structure was built for the Olympic
games in 1936. From an architectural
point of view, the stadium is the most
interesting. Its sporting ground is
significantly lower than ground level
which creates an interesting theatrical
effect. From outside, this trick disguises
the real scale of the building, allowing for
an elegant and almost gentle colonnade
appearance.
 MARCEL BREUER
Marcel Lajos Breuer (pronounced broy-r; 22 May 1902 1 July 1981), was a Hungarian-born
modernist, architect and furniture designer. One of the masters of Modernism, Breuer extended the
sculptural vocabulary he had developed in the carpentry shop at the Bauhaus into a personal
architecture that made him one of the world's most popular architects at the peak of 20th-Century
design.

Saint John's Abbey Church Atlanta Central Library Ariston Hotel

Saint John's Abbey Church was
designed by the renowned Hungarian
architect Marcel Breuer. This cast-in-
place concrete marvel is a stepping-
stone in modern design of religious
architecture in the US. The plan aims
at a clear division between the
monastic living quarters and the
educational facilities. The two are
connected by the important
Completed in 1980, this was the
last building to be designed in
Bauhaus style. The building,
designed in the brutalist
architectural style The structures
consists of a steel frame and
concrete slabs, and the exterior is
composed of precast concrete
panels that were bush-hammered
for texture.
The Ariston Hotel is an icon of modern
architecture in Argentina, distinguishing itself
with its curved forms that allow for constant
visual contact with the diverse landscape of
dunes and sea. Thanks to this form and the large
windows that cover each curve of the building, it
is possible to look outward in a continuous and
integrated manner. With openings on every 3
panels, the hotel also receives good cross
ventilation.
 EERO SAARINEN
Eero Saarinen (August 20, 1910 September 1, 1961) was a 20th-century Finnish American architect and
industrial designer noted for his neofuturistic style.

Saint John's Abbey Church TWA Flight Center Miller House

The Gateway Arch is a 630-foot
(192 m) monument in St. Louis in
the U.S. state of Missouri. Clad in
stainless steel and built in the form
of an inverted, weighted catenary
arch. The arch is comprised of
steel-clad concrete triangular
sections that vary from . It varies in
thickness from 54ft (bottom), to
17ft (top)
TWA Terminal is a concrete symbol of
the rapid technological
transformations which were fuelled by
the outset of the Second World War.
Eero Saarinen sought to capture the
sensation of flight in all aspects of the
building, from a fluid and open
interior, to the wing-like concrete shell
of the roof. At TWAs behest, Saarinen
designed more than a functional
The Miller House epitomizes the modernist
architectural tradition developed by
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe with its open
and flowing layout, flat roof, and stone
and glass walls.[4] Within the interior of
the home, four non-public areas branch off
from a central space, which features a
conversation pit.
 CESAR PELLI
Csar Pelli (born October 12, 1926), founder of Pelli Clarke Pelli, is an Argentine American architect known for
designing some of the world's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks. In 1991, the American
Institute of Architects (AIA) listed Pelli among the ten most influential living American architects. His many
awards include the 1995 AIA Gold Medal which recognizes a body of work of lasting influence on the theory
and practice of architecture.

Petronas Towers Cira Centre JPMorgan Chase Building

The towers stand as a cultural and
architectural icon in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. Completed in 1998, the
Petronas Towers are a reflection and
homage to the dominant Islamic
culture of Malaysia. Rather than just
leaving the building as a simple
extrusion of a pre-existing symbol
found in Islamic art and culture, Pelli
scalloped the points of the start to
The Cira Centre is a 29-story, 437-foot
(133 m) silver glass curtain wall
skyscraper. The building was designed to
be seen from all sides with the northwest
and southeast corners removed giving
the Cira Centre a different shape when
viewed from different directions.
levels of underground parking and a
The JPMorgan Chase Building is an
office building in San Francisco,
California, 560-584 Mission Street, on
the border between South of Market
and the Financial District. Designed by
architect Csar Pelli, the building
stands 128.02 m (420.0 ft) and has
about 655,000 square feet (60,900
m2) of office space. It also has two
 I. M. PEI
Ieoh Ming Pei, (born April 26, 1917), commonly known as I. M. Pei, is a Chinese-American architect. In 1948,
Pei was recruited by New York real estate magnate William Zeckendorf. There he spent seven years before
establishing his own independent design firm I. M. Pei & Associates in 1955, which became I. M. Pei &
Partners in 1966 and later in 1989 became Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Pei's Philosophy. As a student of Le
Corbusier and modernist architecture, I.M. Pei took the core belief of modernism that form follows function,
and added his own interpretation. Pei believes that form follows intention

Louvre Pyramid Museum of Islamic Art, Doha JPMorgan Chase Building

Peis design of the Louvre addition
implemented a large glass and steel
pyramid that is surrounded by three
smaller triangles that provide light to
the space below Cour Napoleon. For
Pei, the glass pyramid provided a
symbolic entry that had historical and
figural importance that reinforced the
main entry.
Built of fine materials, such as cream-
coloured Magny and Chamesson
limestone from France, Jet Mist granite
from the United States and stainless steel
from Germany, as well as architectural
concrete from Qatar, the Museum is
composed of a five-storey main building
and a two-storey Education Wing,
I.M. Pei was careful to design specific
to the environmental context of
Taiwan, with walls made of reinforced
concrete to provide earthquake
stability and durability in the humid
and typhoon-prone environment. To
work with the desired form, ribs
reinforced the curvature of the
surfaces and thicken as they descend,
in order to prevent buckling of the
 PACIFIC DESIGN CENTER
Designed by Argentinean architect Cesar Pelli, the 14-acre (57,000 m2) campus opened
in 1975, with the 750,000-square-foot (70,000 m2) Center Blue. Center Green opened in
1988, adding 450,000 square feet (42,000 m2). A long planned third phase, Center Red,
was announced in April 2006, with plans for completion in 2011. Center Red has evolved
into a 400,000-square-foot (37,000 m2) structure with two state-of-the-art office towers
six and eight stories high respectivelysitting atop seven levels of enclosed parking for
1,500 cars.

Green Building Blue Building Red Buiding

The Green Building is an expansion of
the Pacific Design Center, which
started with the iconic Blue Building.
The Pacific Design Center building
was originally envisioned as a single,
free-standing structure to house
showrooms for the interior design
trades. Today, it is a multi-building
complex that includes offices for the
design, entertainment and arts
Affectionately referred to as the Blue
Whale, the first building of the Pacific
Design Center was designed by Cesar
Pelli when he was Partner for Design at
Gruen Associates and completed in 1975.
Located in the heart of the citys trade
center, the Blue Building was conceived
as a single, free-standing structure to
house showrooms for the interior design
trades. Today, it is a multi-building
complex that also includes offices for the
The Red Building is composed of two
curved, sloping towers atop seven
levels of parking. The five-story West
Tower slopes inward against the
Hollywood Hills to the north. The
eight-story East Tower continues the
gesture, curving upward and
culminating in a high point to the
east.
PENNZOIL PLACE
Pennzoil Place is a set of two 36-story towers in downtown Houston, Texas,
United States- Designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee and built in 1975.
Pennzoil Place, developed and managed by Gerald D. Hines Interests, consists
of two 495 ft (151 m) trapezoidal towers placed ten feet apart and sheathed
in dark bronze glass and aluminum. The buildings are mirror images of each
other.[7] The entire street-level plaza joining the two structures is enclosed in
a 115-foot (35 m) glass pyramid-shaped atrium.[1] Deliberately designed as
an optical illusion, Pennzoil Place's appearance will vary depending on the
different locations from where it is viewed.

Blue Building

Pennzoil Place is considered

significant in architectural circles for
breaking the modernist glass box
design made popular by followers of
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and for
introducing the era of postmodernism.
 FOUNTAIN PLACE
Fountain Place (formerly Allied Bank Tower) is a 60-story late-modernist skyscraper in downtown Dallas, Texas, Designed by IM
Pei Standing at a structural height of 720 ft (220 m). The building is known for its unique architectureit was designed as a
large, multi-faceted prism. Its various slanted sides cause the building to have a completely different profile from all
directions. The building gets its name from the array of 172 dancing fountains in the plaza at its base.
 RICHARD MEIER
Richard Meier (born October 12, 1934) is an American abstract artist and architect, whose geometric
designs make prominent use of the color white. A winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1984,
Meier has designed several iconic buildings including the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art and
the Getty Center in Los Angeles.

Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art Getty Center The Church of 2000

Clad in white enamelled-steel
panels, the plaza elevation is
animated by the horizontal louvers
of the ramp-hall and by two plaster
sculptural elements, a cut-out
plane above the entrance and a
free-form, top-lit "special
exhibitions" gallery set in advance
of the building at the eastern end
of the main facade.
Completed in 1997, Richard
Meiers program brings the seven
components of the Getty Trust
into a coherent unity, while
maintaining their individual
identities. The layout establishes
a dialogue between the angle of
intersection and a number of
curvilinear forms that are largely
derived from the contours of the
The Church of 2000 is conceived as a
composition of basic elements, clearly referred
to the purity of the cube and the sphere, and the
in-between spaces and connections. On the
interior, it is evident the work on natural lighting,
which comes through the gaps between the solid
elements and brightens the whole space: main
source of diffused light is the glass roof between
the shells, but in early morning and late
afternoon the sunlight penetrates the entrance
 ALISON & PETER SMITHSON
Alison Smithson (22 June 1928 14 August 1993) and Peter Smithson (18 September 1923 3 March
2003) were English architects that together formed an architectural partnership, and are often
associated with the New Brutalism. They first came to prominence with Hunstanton School which
used some of the language of high modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe but in a stripped back way,
with rough finishes and deliberate lack of refinement. They are arguably among the leaders of the
British school of New Brutalism.

The Economist Robin Hood Gardens The Hunstanton School

In The Economist, the architects
showed great restraint,
demonstrating its sensitivity and
support to an area that resisted the
impulse of aggressive commercial
monumentalism invaded other
areas. The construction of three
buildings used sandstone Portland.
The porous material, with grooves
creates textures and recognizes
Robin Hood Gardens was built in
post-war Britain when residential
towers were being built as a
symbol of progress after the war.
Many were developed with
concrete in the Brutalist style
including Robin Hood Gardens
and the nearby Balfron Tower.
The Hunstanton School building, regarded as the
manifesto of the new Brutalist movement, is
remembered as the project in which that term
was first used as the only solution to the
modernist movement as a manifesto of Alison
and Peter Smithson. In this manifesto expressing
that "it is on a respect for materials where the
root of the New Brutalism, ... an understanding of
the affinity can be established between the
construction and man
 ERNO GOLDFINGER
Ern Goldfinger RA (11 September 1902 15 November 1987) was a Hungarian-born architect and
designer of furniture. He moved to the United Kingdom in the 1930s, and became a key member of the
Modernist architectural movement. He is most prominently remembered for designing residential tower
blocks, some of which are now listed buildings.

Trellick Tower Balfron Tower Brandlehow School

Designed as social housing for
the local council, it features
numerous unconventional
design elements. Architect
Erno Goldfinger, drew
inspiration from the modernist
principles of Le Corbusier's
Unite dHabitation for the
towers dwelling units.
The aesthetics of the exterior are It was built in 1950, and the architect was Ern
defined by an exposed concrete Goldfinger. English Heritage describe it thus:
structure that juxtaposes the "Pre-cast reinforced concrete frame with red
verticality of the tower with brick infill. Single storeyed with taller hall, which
horizontal bands that frame balconies is fully glazed to playground. Shallow mono-
and windows. The west faade facing pitched roofs. Roughly of 'L' plan, with assembly
St. Leonards Road is characterized hall facing into playground from west and
by balconies for every flat. At the classrooms occupying north side of playground,'
midpoint, recessed windows facing south. Large brick tower by entrance.
punctured by cubic cantilevered
 SHIVNATH PRASAD
Tracing the history of modern Indian architecture, we can say that one group of first generation of Indian Modernists owed an
intellectual and formal debt to the Bauhaus, and the other one highly productive between 1960 and 1980, owes much to Le
Corbusier, one of among which was Architect Shivnath Prasad. Like many young architects during India's independence,
Shivnath Prasad was keen to change the language of architecture to reflect the emerging nation. Along with Le Corbusiers
presence, Modernism manifested in India and the works of Prasad foundcentre stage. His work was climatically sympathetic with
a strong Modern aesthetic of bare-faced concrete with deep recesses to handle the Indian environment.

Sri Ram Centre for Art and Culture Akbar Hotel Tibet House Museum

building expresses, through architectural
form, the variety of functions the building
is to house. For instance, the theatre is in
a cylindrical form and the rehearsal
spaces are in the form of a rectangular
mass. The building is unique in its
architecture: its base is shaped like a
cylinder on top of which sits a horizontal
rectangle. The ground floor and first floor
Its a thirteen storey concrete slab
building. Design of this building is drawn
heavily on the layout of Corbusiers
Unite de Habitation Marseilles and also
it resembles the secretariat building of
Chandigarh. This building can be
referred as the typical example of
brutalism architecture of Le Corbusier
with very linear, fortress like and
In the Tibet House Museum building
Shivnath Prasad developed his
ownvocabulary for presentation of
Corbusier's Modern style by designing
a simple elevatedcube with two sides
as dead walls and front and rear side
as openings inviting daylightto serve
the purpose of a museum.
 NORMAN FOSTER
Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of The Thames Bank, OM, FRIBA, FCSD, RDI (born 1 June 1935) is an
English architect. His company has an international design practice. He is the United Kingdom's biggest
builder of landmark office buildings. In 2009 Foster was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award in the Arts
category.

Hearst Tower Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Spaceport America

The building's symmetrically jagged The requirements to build in Entrance is via a deep channel cut into
silhouette is easily recognizable in its excess of one million square feet the landscape and its retaining walls
surroundings. The diagrid facade in a short timescale suggested a form an exhibition space that
comprised of triangulated steel frame high degree of prefabrication, documents a history of space
was designed to use 21% less steel than including factory-finished exploration alongside the story of the
traditional buildings of it's type. Also modules, while the need to build region. With minimal embodied carbon
impressive is the statistic which states downwards and upwards in and few additional energy
that 90% of the 10,480 tons of steel used tandem led to the adoption of a requirements, the scheme has been
is derived from recycled material. suspension structure, with pairs of designed to achieve LEED Gold
steel masts arranged in three accreditation.
 RICHARD ROGERS
Richard George Rogers, Baron Rogers of Riverside CH FRIBA FREng RA (born 23 July 1933) is
a British architect noted for his modernist and functionalist designs in high-tech architecture.
Rogers is perhaps best known for his work on the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Lloyd's
building and Millennium Dome both in London, the Senedd in Cardiff, and the European Court
of Human Rights building in Strasbourg. He is a winner of the RIBA Gold Medal, the Thomas
Jefferson Medal, the RIBA Stirling Prize, the Minerva Medal and Pritzker Prize. He is a Senior
Partner at Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, previously known as the Richard Rogers
Partnership.

Centre Georges Pompidou Gropius Door Handle Hesperia Tower

Their concept, depicted in one of their
competition drawings as a collage, was
portraying the museum itself as
movement. The other concept in their
design, and perhaps the most obvious,
was exposing all of the infrastructure of
the building. The skeleton itself engulfs
the building from its exterior, showing all
of the different mechanical and structure
systems not only so that they could be
Similar to Centre Pompidou the
Lloyds building is designed inside
out. All of the service functions
are removed from the interior and
placed at the exterior of the
building. This not only allows for
easy replacement and
maintenance on the elevators,
plumbing, or electrical facilities,
but it frees up the interior to create
The Hesperia Tower is a hotel situated
in Catalonia, Spain. It has a tower of
29 storeys and 105 metres (344 ft).It
is topped by a glass dome that
contains a revolving restaurant
headed by chef Santi Santamaria. It
was designed by the British architect
Richard Rogers together with Luis
Alonso and Sergi Balaguer. It has 280
rooms, a 5,000 square metres (53,800
 RENZO PIANO
Renzo Piano, born 14 September 1937) is an Italian architect and engineer, who won the
Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1998.
In 2006, Piano was selected by TIME as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.
He was selected as the 10th most influential person in the "Arts and Entertainment" category
of the 2006 Time 100.
In August 2013 he was appointed Senator for Life in the Italian Senate by President Giorgio
Napolitano. Architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff said of Piano's works that the "...serenity of
his best buildings can almost make you believe that we live in a civilized world."

Menil Collection Centre Culturel Jean-Marie Tjibaou The Whitney Museum of American Art at Gansevoor

The museum is only one floor of galleries, The effect is organic and eye-
with storage and services in the catching. A beautiful
basement below, and one floor of offices incompleteness about the shells
and art storage above. As opposed to illicits seemingly paradoxical
most museums, including the others in perceptions of a work-in-progress
Houston, which are very you cant miss and a work-in-ruins that is
it in their placement and design, the nevertheless deeply satisfying.
Menil Collection remains as a subtle Idealistically, perhaps these
staple in its community. incomplete geometries reflect the
sentiment that Kanak culture is
Clad in pale blue-grey steel panels,
the new, eight-storey building is
powerfully asymmetrical, with the
bulk of the full-height museum to the
west, Hudson-side, with tiers of lighter
terraces and glazed walkways
stepping down to the High Line,
embracing it into the project.
 LE CORBUSIER IN CHANDIGARH
Renzo Piano, born 14 September 1937) is an Italian architect and engineer, who won the Pritzker
Architecture Prize in 1998.
In 2006, Piano was selected by TIME as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. He was
selected as the 10th most influential person in the "Arts and Entertainment" category of the 2006
Time 100.
In August 2013 he was appointed Senator for Life in the Italian Senate by President Giorgio Napolitano.
Architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff said of Piano's works that the "...serenity of his best buildings can
almost make you believe that we live in a civilized world."

Palace of the Assembly Chandigarh Secretariat Punjab and Haryana High Court

The first of Le Corbusier's architectural
ideals is the use of pilotis to lift the
structure off of the ground. Reinforced
concrete columns are utilized in a grid
throughout the Palace of the Assembly
and are slightly altered to raise a large
swooping concrete form high above the
entrance. This form represents the
second point of Le Cobusier's list a free
facade. Pilotis allow the form to express
The effect is organic and eye- The High Court is a linear block with
catching. A beautiful the main facade toward the piazza. It
incompleteness about the shells has a rhythmic arcade created by a
illicits seemingly paradoxical parasol-like roof, which shades the
perceptions of a work-in-progress entire building. Keeping in view the
and a work-in-ruins that is special dignity of the judges, Le
nevertheless deeply satisfying. Corbusier created a special entrance
Idealistically, perhaps these for them through a high portico
incomplete geometries reflect the resting on three giant pylons painted
sentiment that Kanak culture is in bright
 OSCAR NIEMEYER IN BRAZIL
Oscar Niemeyer was a Brazilian architect who is considered to be one of the key figures in the
development of modern architecture. Niemeyer was best known for his design of civic buildings for Braslia,
a planned city that became Brazil's capital in 1960, as well as his collaboration with other architects on the
Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City. His exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of
reinforced concrete was highly influential in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

National Congress Cathedral of Brasilia Niteri Contemporary Art Museum

The two wide avenues that mark the
Monumental Axis are raised on artificial
berms to match the roof level of the two-
story plinth of the National Congress
building, and triangular segments extend
from each corner of the long, flat,
overhanging roof to just barely touch the
edges of the roadways. A long ramp leads
from a driveway to the building. Split into
two segments, one section of ramp leads
The cornerstone was laid in early
September of 1958, when designs
were beginning to be proposed
and thoroughly planned out by
Oscar Niemeyer. With a diameter
of 70m, the only visible structure
of the cathedral being sixteen
concrete columns with a very
peculiar shape. Reaching up
towards the sky to represent two
The sixteen-meter high structure is
situated on a paved public square,
accessed via a swirling, red-carpeted,
98 meter-long ramp. The 50 meter
diameter copula contains three floors,
set on a 2.7 meter diameter cylinder,
anchored in a 60 centimeter deep 817
square meter pool. The hexagonal
main hall provides 400 square meters
of a column-free exhibition space
 LOUIS KAHN IN BANGLADESH
Louis Isadore Kahn (March 5 [O.S. February 20] 1901 March 17, 1974) was an American architect,
based in Philadelphia. After working in various capacities for several firms in Philadelphia, he founded
his own atelier in 1935. While continuing his private practice, he served as a design critic and
professor of architecture at Yale School of Architecture from 1947 to 1957.
His most notable building in Bangladesh is the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (National Assembly Building) in Dhaka.

The National Assembly Building

sits as a massive entity in the
Bengali desert; there are eight
halls that are concentrically
aligned around the
parliamentary grand chamber,
which is not only a metaphor for
placing the new democratic
government at the heart of the
building. It also is part of Kahns
design objectives to optimize
spatial configurations where the
supporting programs (offices,
hotels for parliamentary officials,
and a restaurant) project out of
the center volume. The entire
complex is fabricated out of
poured in place concrete with
inlaid white marble, which is not
only a modernist statement of
power and presence, but is more
of a testament to the local
materials and values. The sheer
mass of the monumentally
scaled National Assembly and
the artificial lake surrounding the
 B. V. DOSHI
Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi (born 26 August 1927) is an Indian architect, who is considered an
important figure of South Asian architecture and noted for his unfathomable contributions to the
evolution of architectural discourse in India. He is known for his contributions to the architecture of
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.

Amdavad ni Gufa Indian Institute of Management Bangalore Sangath

Amdavad ni Gufa is an underground
art gallery in Ahmedabad, India. It
exhibits works of the Indian artist
Maqbool Fida Husain. The gallery
represents a unique juxtaposition of
architecture and art. The cave-like
underground structure has a roof
made of multiple interconnected
domes, covered with a mosaic of tiles.
On the inside, irregular tree-like
The IIMB campus was designed
by celebrated architect B V Doshi.
The campus is a destination and
a pilgrimage for students of
architecture and practising
architects, with the architecture
of the academic and
administrative blocks becoming a
case study. Completed in 1983,
the original stone architecture is
Balkrishna Doshi's own studio, Sangath, features
a series of sunken vaults sheathed in china
mosaic as well as a small grassy terraced
amphitheater and flowing water details. Having
been considered the building that fully describes
himself, Sangath is a complete combination of
Doshi's architectural themes from his previous
work including complex interiors and structures,
ambiguous edges, vaults and terraces.

Hall of Nations
The depth of the structural system was
utilized as a Sun breaker and conceived
of in terms of the traditional 'jali', a
geometrical pattern of perforation that
serves to obstruct directs rays of the
harsh Sun while permitting air
circulation. The plan of these pavalions
is square with chamfered coners,
providing eight anchoring points. The
corners were inspired by the tomb of
RAJ REWAL
The Ismaili Centre: Lisbon Parliament Library
Whilst balance between the outdoor Balkrishna Doshi's own studio, Sangath,
enclosures and the indoor volumes features a series of sunken vaults
is provided by the geometric sheathed in china mosaic as well as a
sequences of transitional spaces, small grassy terraced amphitheater and
this inter-relationship between flowing water details. Having been
interior and exterior space is also considered the building that fully
conveyed by the stone and steel describes himself, Sangath is a complete
latticework which is an innovative combination of Doshi's architectural
structural adaptation of the jaalis themes from his previous work including
inspired by Islamic monuments as complex interiors and structures,
 CHARLES CORREA
Charles Correa (born Charles Mark Correa; 1 September 1930 16 June 2015) was an Indian architect,
urban planner and activist. Credited for the creation of modern architecture in post-Independence
India, he was celebrated for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor and for his use of traditional
methods and materials.
He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1972, and the second highest civilian honour, the Padma
Vibhushan given by Government of India in 2006. He was also awarded the 1984 Royal Gold Medal for
architecture, by the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Bharat Bhavan Kanchanjunga Apartments Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown

Built into a hillside which slopes down
toward a lake, a series of terraces and
courtyards comprise the complex.
Upon entering, the visitor has the
choice of following the path of
terraces cascading down to the lake,
or descending to the three courtyards
which provide access to the majority
of the cultural facilities.
The building is a 32 story
reinforced concrete structure with
6.3m cantilevered open terraces.
The central core is composed of
lifts and provides the main
structural element for resisting
lateral loads. The central core
was constructed ahead of the
main structure by slip method of
construction. This technique was
The 3 units that constitute the project (the
largest for the doctors and scientist, the second
for the theatre, the exhibition hall, the
Foundation offices, etc, and the third is an open-
air amphitheater for the city) have been
arranged to create a 125m long pathway leading
diagonally across the site, towards the open
seas. This pathway is ramped up (at a gentle
slope of 1:20) so as you ascend, you see only
sky ahead of you. At the end of the ramp are two

Chapel at Murcia
Framing a gently undulating
landscape with a view of the ocean in
the distance this small chapel is
perched at a height of 90m on a
steeply sloping hill. Visitors approach
the chapel from a circuitous road
leading up to the hill. A small doorway
nestled amidst landscape mounds
organically merging with the hill. The
cross sits on the edge of a rectilinear
SANJAY PURI
The Crescent
Overlapped curvilinear volumes orient
each of the internal spaces towards the
north in response to the location of the
site while creating a semi enclosed north
facing courtyard between the office
spaces. The north facing courtyard infuses
the inner spaces with indirect light with
vertical north facing incisions for the
internal spaces thus reducing the heat
gain substantially.
Triose
The entire frontage of the site along
the main road overlooks large trees
and a riverbed and hills. The axis of
the building changes constantly from
one side to the other allowing each
space within to look out towards
different views of the surrounding
landscapes.