Organic Materials

Prepared By:
Er. Bijendra Prajapati
Lecturer
IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus
 Contents
Ceramic Materials
Crystalline Ceramic Structures and
imperfections in it
Silicate Structures
Glasses and other non- crystalline
ceramic materials
Deformation and failures, Processing
of Ceramics, Applications of ceramics
 Ceramics

Those containing phases that are

compounds of metallic & nonmetallic
elements.
Processing of earthly materials by
heat.
Inorganic, nonmetallic solids
prepared by the action of heat &
subsequent cooling.
May contain ionic, covalent or both
 Properties
In general ceramics share the following properties:
Hard
High compressive strength
Able to withstand high temperatures
Very good resistance to acidic or caustic environment

But keep the following in mind:

Brittle
Weak tensional strength
Weak flexural strength
Weak resistance against shear stress
Limited machinability
Limited forming capabilities
Limited bonding capabilities
 Building criteria for
crystal str.
Maintain neutrality
Achieve closest packing
Charge balance dictates chemical
formula
Condition for minimum energy
implies max. attraction & min.
repulsion.
 Impurity atoms
As substitutional or interstitial solid
solutions
Substitutional ions substitute for ions
of like type.
Interstitial ions are small compared
to host str.
Solubility is higher if ion radii &
charges match closely.
Incorporation of ion with different
charge state requires compensation
 Silicate Structures
Silicate=silicon + Oxygen, the two
most abundant elements in earths
crust. (rocks, soil, clay, sand)
Basic building block: Si04
 Glasses

Non crystalline(Amorphous) ceramic.

Fused silica is Si02 to which no
impurities have been added.
Other common glasses contain
impurity ions like Na+, Ca2+, Al3+,
B3+
 Imperfections in
Point defects
ceramics
Impurities
Their formation is strongly affected by the condition
of charge neutrality (creation of unbalanced charges
requires the expenditure of a large amount of
energy.)

Charge neutral defects include the Frenkel and

Schottky defects.
AFrenkel-defectis a vacancy- interstitial pair of
cations (placing large anions in an interstitial position
requires a lot of energy in lattice distortion).
ASchottky-defectis the a pair of nearby cation and
anion vacancies.
Sheet glass forming
 Deformation & failure
Brittle fracture of ceramics limits
applications.
-occurs d/t unavoidable presence of
microscopic flaws(micro cracks, internal
pores, atm. contaminants) that result
during cooling from melt.
-Flaws cant be closely controlled in
mfg, this leads to large variability in
fracture strength .
 10 times
Compressive strength Tensile
strength
Good structural materials under
compression (bricks in houses, stone
blocks in pyramids) but not in conditions
of tensile stress.
Plastic deformation in crystalline
ceramics is by Slip, d/t the structure &
strong local potentials. Very little
deformation before fracture.
Non crystalline ceramics like common
glass deform by viscous flow. Viscocity
 Processing of Ceramics
Used to produce commercial products that are
very diverse in size, shape, detail, complexity,
material composition, structure & cost.
Natural result of an increasing ability to refine,
develop & Characterize ceramic materials.
Application of heat upon processed clays & other
natural raw materials to form a rigid product.
Naturally occuring rocks & minerals as starting mtl
must undergo special processing to control purity,
particle size, size distribution & heterogenity.
Chemically prepared powder/ Synthetic mtl .
starting mtl
 Contd..
Next step: Form ceramics particles to
desired shape
By addition of water and/or additives
such as binders, followed by a shape
forming process.
Methods include Extrusion, slip
casting, pressing, tape casting,
injection moulding etc
After this, undergo sintering(Heat
treatment) to produce a finished
 Bricks
High Voltage insulators,
Spark plugs
Biomedical applications
Glass ceramics-optical
equipment & fibre
insulation
Refractories
Applications