AREA

In chapter 4, we introduced integration in

terms of area between the curve and the x-axis.
This chapter, we will discuss area between two
curves and methods.
Also, we will talk about integral and derivative
properties in terms of their graphs.
 AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
The area between two curves is really simple if you really look
at it. Lets consider f(x)=6-x2. Also consider g(x)=x.
Find the area between these two curves.
Here is a graphical view of the scenario. (Magenta region)
ALWAYS DRAW A PICTURE TO SEE HOW THE REGION
WILL LOOK LIKE!!!!!!!
 STEP 1: FIND THE POINTS OF
INTERSECTION
In order to see where the
region begins and
ends, we must find the
x limits to see where we
can actually compute
6 x x
2

area.
Solve for the x limits
0 x x6
2

0 x 2 x 3
The two limits of x2
integration are x=2 and
x=-3
x 3
 STEP 2
Compute the area of both functions.
Subtract the areas.
2
2 1 3 28 55
36 x dx 6 x 3 x 3 3 9 3
2

2

1 22 9
3xdx 2 x 3 2 2 2
5

55 5 125

3 2 6
THIS IS OUR AREA BETWEEN THE TWO CURVES
 GEOMETRICALLY
This is a shaded region style problem. Let the maroon be the region
between the parabola and the x axis. with the limits of -3 and 2. Let the
light blue be the region between the line and the x axis with the same
limits. Let the purple represent overlapping regions.
We must subtract the two areas of the regions (that is Af(x)-Ag(x)) to get
rid of the overlapping areas (i.e. purple region).
 FORMULA FOR FINDING AREA
BETWEEN TWO CURVES
If f(x)>g(x), then

A f ( x) g ( x) dx
b

a
Top Function Bottom Function

b

A ytop ybottom dx
a

 If f(x)>g(x) top vs. bottom
function???
Very simple.. TOP

Since the
parabola, f(x), is
on top of the BOTTOM
line, g(x),
therefore,
f(x)>g(x).
 AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
We just tackled one of the three types of area
between curves problems. They are
1) Area between two y(x) functions. (We just
did)
2) Area between a y(x) and x(y)
3) Area between two x(y) functions.
 AREA BY SUBDIVIDING
Sometimes, it is necessary to split the region
up into two parts before integrating. This
situation often occurs when you have y as a
function of x and x as a function of y.
Consider this example: Find the region
bounded by y=x and x=-y2+8.
First thing you do is to draw a picture to see
how the region will look like. Then solve for
their intersecting points.
 DRAW A PICTURE!!!
It helps to draw a picture to get an understanding on
what is going on. The red line is y=x and the blue
parabola is x=-y2+8.
THE INTERSECTING POINTS
ARE (-8,-4) and (4,2)
1 1 2
y x y x 2

2 4
x 8 y 2
y2 8 x
1
4 x 2 4 8 x
4
x 2 32 4 x
x 2 4 x 32 0
x 8 x 4 0
x 8
y 4
x4
y2
 INTEGRATING
It is very important to
let all the functions be 1
in the form y(x). y x
2
Therefore, solve for y. y 8 x
Using the formula given 4 1 x 8 x dx
previously for finding 8 2
4
the area between curves, 1 x 2 2 8 x 3 / 2 4 80 76

4
apply that formula using 3 8 3 3 3
-8 and 4 as your limits.
 WHAT AREA DID WE JUST
DO???
Notice how much area we did accumulate using the integral.
Also consider how much area we have left to take into
account.
The purple is the area we jus did. (76/3) The green is the area
we have left to do.
 THE GREEN AREA
Since we know that the area of the green is the
area of that sideways parabola, and since we
also know that the area above the x-axis from
[4,8] equal to the area below the x-axis. So in
effect, we can double the area of that to take
into account the top and the bottom of the x-
axis.
 CALCULATION OF AREA
Notice the 2 outside the
integral. We have to
8
double the area. 2 8 x dx
4
8
Fundamental theorem. 4 3/ 2 32
3 8 x

0
4 3
Add the two areas. 76 32
THE TOTAL AREA OF 36
3 3
THE REGION IS 36!!
 INTEGRATING A FUNCTION
WITH RESPECT TO Y.
At times, we may have to curves that there is
no top or bottom y, rather there are left
and right curves. By definition, these curves
would not be functions of x, since they would
fail to honor the vertical line test (the test that
determines if a relation is actually a function).
But these functions, on the hand, seem simpler
if they were in terms of y.
 INTEGRATING WITH RESPECT
TO Y.
To calculate an area, using the right being x=f(y) and
the left one being x=g(y) function, between limits of
y (c and d)then

A f ( y ) g ( y ) dy
d

c
OR
d

A xright xleft dy
c

 EXAMPLE
Lets do the previous problem using this method of integrating with respect
to y.
The graphs are y=x and x=-y2+8.
First, always always always!! Look at a picture of this! This will help you!
The red is the line. The blue is the parabola. The purple is the region.

RIGHT
LEFT
SOLVE FOR INTERSECTING
POINTS
1 1
y x y2 x2
2 4
x 8 y 2 SAME SLIDE AS BEFORE,
HOWEVER, CONSIDER THAT
y 8 x
2
THE Y VALUES ARE NOW
MORE RELEVANT, SINCE WE
1 2
4 x 4 8 x ARE INTEGRATING WITH
4 RESPECT TO Y!!!!
x 2 32 4 x
THIS MEANS THE INTEGRAL
x 4 x 32 0
2
WILL HAVE THE LIMITS
BETWEEN y=-4 AND y=2!!!
x 8 x 4 0
x 8
y 4
x4
y2
SETTING UP THE INTEGRAL
First solve everything for x before putting the f(y)
and g(y) inside. You will get x=2y AND x=8-y2.
A f ( y ) g ( y ) dy
d

c
2

A 8 y 2 2 ydy
4
2
A y 2 2 y 8dy
4
2
1 3
y y 8 y
2

3 4
Simpler, eh???
28 80 108
36
3 3 3
 AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
In reality, there is no set formula to finding area
between curves. Its important to know what to do and
how you go about doing it. For example, you noticed
that integrating a function in terms of y was simpler
than taking the region, cutting it, and finding areas
that way.
But sometimes, you will see that integrating with
respect to y can be a hassle. Sometimes, integrating
with x would be better.
But in either case, the general formula stays the same:
top/right bottom/left. (for x and y respectively)
EXAMINING THE INTEGRAL
A calculus course is not only about, Do you know how to
calculate the integral. However, this course also asks you,
Do you know how to find the integral qualitatively?
Consider this graph of g(x). The function f(x) is its derivative.
Therefore f(x) = g(x).
PROPERTIES OF THE GRAPH
Lets talk about limits. Notice at x=1, the limit from the left side is a little more than
5, but from the left side, its 0. Therefore, the limit at x=1 does not exist.
g(x) is not differentiable at some point between -6 and -7 and at -2, since they cause
vertical tangents. Also x=-2 is not differentiable, since it is a corner. x=-1 is also a
corner, thus it is not differentiable either. x=1 is not differentiable, since it is a
discontinuity. Lastly, x=5 cannot be differentiated since it is the end point of the
graph.
g(x) is positive at approximately (-6.5,-4.3), (-1,1), and (2.75,5).
g(x) is negative at (-4.3,-2) and (1,2.75).
g(x) is zero with maxima at x=-4.3 and minima at x=2.75.
f(x) is the area between the curve and the x-axis. Thus, the curve of f(x) is the
antiderivative. Since g(x) is the slope for f(x), this means that f(x) is increasing
slowly, and maintains an equilibrium from x=-2 to x=-1. From x=-1, the the
function increases like a parabola, but due to the discontinuity of g(x), a cusp was
formed so that the slope is negative throughout.
REMEMBER!! THE SIGN OF f(x) OR g(x) IS THE SIGN OF THE SLOPE!!!!
RED = f(x) BLACK = g(x)
 INTEGRAL MEANS AREA
ACCUMULATION
Look at the left graph f(x)=1/x and the right graph g(x)=ln x.
Obviously, g(x)=f(x). Notice how the 1/x decreases very
quickly, but nevertheless, adds more area. Although not at a
fast RATE, but it still ACCUMULATES area!
 VOLUME OF A SOLID OF
REVOLUTION
FOR AP CALCULUS AB STUDENTS THIS IS
YOUR FINAL TOPIC
FOR CALCULUS I: YOU ARE COMPLETED FOR
THE COURSE. YOU ARE WELCOMED TO STAY,
BUT YOU CAN LEAVE IF YOU WISH. TAKE
CARE! BEST WISHES! HARE KRSNA!
FOR CALCULUS II STUDENTS: HARI BOL!
WELCOME! THIS IS YOUR FIRST TOPIC FOR
THIS CLASS!!!!
 VOLUME
Volume and 2-D calculus?? Possible?
Yeah, I guess.
Imagine if you were to take a region between
f(x), the limits of integration, and the x-axis,
and you were to swing that region about the x-
axis.
Take your hand and try that. Put your hand on
the region, and turn your hand such that you
rotate about the x-axis.
SEE THE BEFORE AND AFTER
PICTURES!!!
 CLARIFICATION
What we did was we took the region under the
line from x=0 to x=7 and rotated that region
360 about the x-axis.
You will notice that a solid is formed. That
solid looks like a cone in this example.
My computer does not really have great 3-d
effects so please forgive my drawings.
How do we find the volume of this cone using
calculus?
 TORICELLIS LAW
An Italian mathematician suggested that you can find the
volume by take adding the areas of the cross sections.
He also proved that the volume for two geometric objects,
despite slant, would still be equal. Take a look at these two
cylinders. Although it looks very obscure on the right, it will
still have the same volume as the cylinder on the left.
 THEREFORE:
If A(x) is the cross section for such a volume, and you could get a Reimann sum saying that the width of the
solid multiplied by the area of the cross section

n
V ( x) A( x)x
i 1
 IF THE WIDTH
If the width was infinitesimally small as dx, then the
area would represented as an integral.

b
V ( x) A( x)dx
a
 CUTTING UP THE SOLID
Imagine if we were to cut up the solid to infinity
slices! That would that the thickness of the slice
would be virtually 0. But lets take out one of these
slices

dx
 THE SLICE
The cross section of such volume is a circle.
The radius of the circle would merely be f(x)
value, since the center of the circle is the x-
axis. Look at the 2-D and the 3-D illustration.
The radius of the cirlce
is f(x).

r=f(x)
x axis
 AREA OF A CIRCLE?
Lets say that the line was the function
f(x)= x
Remember that the integral of the area of the cross
sections from a to b is the volume? Also remember
that f(x) is the radius?
If the circle is the cross-section for the solid, then
what is the area of a circle?
Cmon! Dont tell me you are in calculus and dont
know the area of a circle!
A=r2 ! No! pies are round!
 r f ( x)
2
If the radius and the 2

function are equal, so are 2

their squares 1
r x
2

f(x)=x 2
Apply the squared radius 1 2
r x
2

into the area of circle 4

expression 2
A x
Volume-as-an-integral 4
expression b
V ( x) A( x)dx
Limits of the original a

problem were x=0 and x=7. 7 x2

V ( x) dx
Evaluation of the integral. 0 4
The volume is found 7
3 243
V ( x) x
12 0 12
 RECALL
We took a region under f(x)=x from x=0 to
x=7 and rotated it around the x- axis to form a
solid. We took this solid and cut it up to infinite
slices. We took one of those slices and
examined that the cross-section is a circle
(most commonly called a disk). We found the
area formula for the disk. A=r2. Since r=f(x),
we put it into the formula. The volume formula
says that we take the integral from 0 to 7, for
the [f(x)]2. That result yields into the volume.
 DISK METHOD FORMULA
If the cross sections are
circles, and if region are is
being rotated around the x-
V ( x) f ( x) dx
b 2
axis, then the formula for
finding volume is: a
If the region between g(y)
and x -axis is being rotated

V ( y ) g ( y ) dy
about the y-axis, with disk d 2
cross section, then the area
formula is this. c
Dont forget to put the in
there.
 DISK METHOD
Remember how we had instances that we were
forced to integrate with respect to y?
If that is the case, solve for y, use the y-values
for the limits of integration, and use the same
formula.
 WASHER METHOD
Find the volume of the region between y 2=x,
and y=x3, which intersect at (0,0) and (1,1),
revolved about the xaxis.

First, DRAW A PICTURE

PICTURES
 THE SOLID
Notice that the solid now has a hole inside it
(very light blue). The edges of this solid
(darker light blue) (is now created by two
functions.
Since we are revolving this solid around the x-
axis, we must solve everything in terms of x.
 SHELLS FORMULA
If we solve for x, then we will get x. (square root)
and x3.
If you look at the cross section, you will get
something similar but somewhat different from a disk.
In order to take into account, the hole in the bottom,
we have to include a hole inside the disk. Therefore,
the slice will look like this.
g(x) BOTTOM FUNCTION f(x) TOP FUNCTION
THE AREA OF THE ORANGE
If you wanted to find the area of the orange portion,
then find the area of the entire circle and subtract the
area of the inner cirlce. A typical shaded region
problem! Capital R means outer radius, and lower
case r means inner radius.

A R r 2 2