DC Generator

Vita Lystianingrum

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 References

1. Theraja, B. L., Electrical Technology, S. Chand & Company Ltd.,

1978.
2.

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 RE1334 KONVERSI TENAGA LISTRIK I

1: Energi dan permasalahannya

2: Konsep konversi energi
3: Pembangkitan energi listrik konvensional & non
konvensional
4: Dasar elektromagnetik, pengenalan bahan magnetik
dan elektromekanik
5: Mesin arus searah (DC)
6: Generator DC: cara kerja, klasifikasi dan persamaan
tegangan
7: Generator DC: rugi-rugi daya dan efisiensi, efisiensi
maksimum serta karakteristik
8:
9-10: Ujian Tengah Semester

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 DC Generator
Emf induction
Armature reaction
Loaded generator

Equivalent circuit: separately-excited; shunt; series;

compound
Voltage, power, current;

Voltage control;

Energy, losses, efficiency;

Characteristics;

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 RE1334 KONVERSI TENAGA LISTRIK I

11: Motor DC: cara kerja, klasifikasi dan persamaan

tegangan
12: Motor DC: rugi-rugi daya dan efisiensi, pengaturan
kecepatan serta karakteristik
13:
14: Transformator: bagian-bagian utama, beban nol,
berbeban dan diagaram vektor
15: Rangkaian ekivalen dan pengujian serta
pengenalan trafo 3 fasa
16:
17: Ujian Akhir Semester
18: Ujian Akhir Semester

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 DC Machines
Basically,
the constructions of DC generator
and motor are similar.

Stator : stationary part

Rotor : moving part
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 DC Generator

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 Review: Faradays Law

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 DC generator

Stator : stationary part

Rotor : moving part

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 Review: Flemings Right-hand Rule

Fleming's right hand rule (for

generators) shows the direction of
induced current flow when a conductor
moves in a magnetic field.

The Thumb represents the direction of

Motion of the conductor.

The First finger represents the direction

of the Field.

The Second finger represents the

direction of the induced or generated
Current

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 AC Generator

11 http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/generator_e.htm
 DC Generator: AC Generator with Commutator

12 http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/generator_e.htm
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14
 DC Motor Parts
carbon brushes

Field magnet

rotor

stator
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 Field can be:
Permanent magnet
Field winding

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Equivalent circuit.

The DC machine can be represented by a voltage source and a

resistance connected in series. The armature winding has a resistance,
Ra.
The field circuit is represented by a winding that generates the magnetic
field and a resistance connected in series. The field winding has
resistance Rf.
Ra

Rf f
E= generated emf
E V V= terminal voltage
Vf

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Type of DC machines: classified according to the way in which their fields are
excited:
Separately excited
Self excited

Separately excited machine.

The main winding supplies the load.
The field winding is supplied by a separate DC source whose voltage is
variable.
Good speed control.

f
Va
Vf

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21
 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Type of DC machines.

Shunt DC machine.
The armature and field windings are connected in parallel.
Constant speed operation.

Va
f

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Types of DC machines.

Series DC machine.
The armature and field winding are connected in series.
High starting torque.

s
V

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Types of DC machines.

Compound DC machine.
The machine has two field windings: One connected in series; the other in
parallel.
The series winding provides additional, load dependent excitation.
Reduced voltage drop at high load.

s V

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Types of DC machines.

Compound DC machine.

s V V

Long compound / long-shunt .Short compound/short-shunt

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Loaded Generator

When loaded, the current Ia will

flow.

E = V + I a Ra Ra

Ia
E= generated emf V
E
V= terminal voltage
Ia= armature current
Ia Ra = armature voltage drop

04/03/17 360 Topic 8 DC Machine

 Armature Reaction
At no load condition, the induced
voltage is equal to the terminal
voltage. Main flux
When the generator is loaded, the
induced voltage drives a current Ia
through the load.
Armature
The load current produces a flux ar. flux
This armature field distorts/weakens
the original/main magnetic field.

This effect is called armature

reaction. resultante
flux

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*Mengurangi reaksi jangkar :
Interpole
*Mengurangi reaksi jangkar :
Interpole
 Voltage Regulation (VR)
VR = (VNL VFL) / VFL

VNL = V no-load
VFL = V full-load

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 Examples
Ex. 21-3
Ex. 21-4
12.1

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 Thank You
See you next week

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

DC machine Construction Dc motor construction

The major advantages of DC machines

are: easy speed and torque regulation. Field
The stator of the DC motor has poles, Rotor
which are excited by DC current to
produce magnetic fields.
The rotor has a ring-shaped laminated
iron-core with slots. N S
Coils with several turns are placed in the
slots. The distance between the two legs
of the coil is about 180 electric degrees.

Stator with
Brush with poles

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Concept of the commutator
DC machine Construction
The coils are connected in series.
I_
The junction points of the coils are
connected to a commutator.
The commutator consists of insulated
copper segments mounted in a
cylinder.
Two brushes are pressed to the Insulator
commutator to permit current flow.
The brushes are placed in the neutral Copper
zone (magnetic field is close to zero)
to reduce arcing.
I+

coil
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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

DC machine Construction Dc motor stator construction

The picture shows the stator of a large

DC machine with several poles. Field poles

Note the interpoles between the main

poles. These poles reduce the field in Inter pole
the neutral zone and eliminate arcing of
the commutator.
A compensation winding is placed on the
main poles to increase field during high
load.
The iron core is supported by a cast iron
frame.

Compensation
winding

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
DC machine Construction DC motor rotor construction
The adjoining picture shows the rotor of a
DC machine. Poles Fan
The rotor iron core is mounted on the Brushes
shaft.
Coils are placed in the slots.
The end of the coils are bent and tied
together to assure mechanical strength.
Note the commutator mounted on the
shaft. It consists of several copper
segments, separated by insulation.
Rotor winding

Bearing Commutator

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Insulator Flag
Ring
DC Machine Construction

The adjoining picture shows the

commutator of a large DC machine.
The segments are made out of copper
and mica insulation is placed between
the segments.
The end of each segment has a flag
attached. The coil endings are welded to
these flags.
An insulated ring is placed on the coil
ends to assure proper mechanical
strength.
Copper

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
DC motor operation concept
Stationary
Operation principles Brushes

The poles are supplied by DC current

producing a DC magnetic field.
The poles are shaped in such a way the
field distribution along the pole is more or
less sinusoidal.
N S
When the rotor coil is rotated, the flux
linkage changes during the rotation. It is
maximum when the coil is in vertical
position and zero when it is in horizontal
position.

Rotating Coil Sides

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Concept of commutation
The current direction changes as
the conductor passes through the
neutral zone.
The direction of magnetic field also
changes as the conductor passes
through the neutral zone.

Neutral Zone
F
B B

N S N S
I I
Magnetic field

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Induced voltage and torque calculation.

The magnetic field is generated by the field current If.

The flux f is proportional to the field current.

F f = K f If .

The Kf factor is calculated from the magnetic circuit using Amperes Law.

The flux change is proportional to the motor speed m.

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Induced voltage and torque calculation.

The induced voltage after rectification is:

Ea = K F f m = K K f I f m = Km I f m

The out put power if the losses are neglected is:

Pdc = Ia Ea = Tm m.

The torque is:

T m = I a Ea / m = K f I a = K m I f I a

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 -Ende-

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 Induced e.m.f

i. Dynamically induced: field is stationary &

conductors cut across it -> dc generators

ii. Statically induced: conductor/coil remains

stationary & flux linked with it is changed
by changing the current producing this flux
-> transformers

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 -commutation; commutator
-self-excited generator -> how is the initial field
produced?
-figures of generators excitation

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 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

Equivalent circuit.

The equations are:

f = K f If
Ra
Ea = K f wm = Km If m
Rf f Ia
Ea = Va + Ia Ra
Ea Va
Vf = I f R f Vf I f
Tm = K f Ia = Km If Ia

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