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Periodic Table and trends

BY: JOSE GILBERT A. DE LEON


Periodic Table

Theproperties of the elements repeat in in a


periodic way.
Invaluable tool for chemistry
Used for organization
History of the Periodic Table

Timeline
Trace the development of the Periodic Table by making a timeline
Aristotle
Newlands
Dobereiner
Meyer
Mendeleev
Moseley
The Basics

Elements are arranged by atomic


number
Typical box contains:
Name of the element
Symbol
Atomic number
Atomic mass
Periods
Horizontal Rows

Numbered 1-7
Groups: Vertical
Columns

Numbered 1-18
The Families of Elements
Classification of the Elements
Metals

Occupy the left side


of the periodic table
Have luster, shiny
Solids
at room temp
except Hg
Ductile:
ability to be
drawn into wires
Malleable:
ability to
be hammered into
sheets
Excellent conductors
of heat and
electricity
Tend to form
positive ions
NonMetals

Occupy the right side of the Periodic Table


Generally gases or brittle solids
Dull-looking
Brittle
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Bromine is the only liquid at room temp
Tend to form negative ions
Metalloids

Characteristics of
metals and nonmetals
Classification of the Elements

Familiesof elements share the same ending


electron configuration
therefore they share similar chemical characteristics
ValenceElectrons: electrons in the highest principal
energy level
Determine Chemical reactivity
Elements in a group share the same number of valence
electrons
The s, p, d and f blocks
Number of Valence Electrons

Elements on the right


Nonmetals
4 or more valence electrons
tend to gain electrons
become negative ions

Elements on the left


Metals
3 or less valence electrons
tend to lose valence electrons
form positive ions
Most Common Ions
Families of elements

Elements of the same family (group) share structural and


chemical (behavioral) characteristics
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition Elements
Halogens
Nobel Gases
Group 1: Alkali Metals

Soft, highly reactive metals


Usually stored under oil or
kerosene to prevent their
interaction with air and water
Properties of Alkali Metals

React vigorously with water


Oxidize readily in air
Good conductors of electricity
Alkali Metals

Have one valence electron


Willlose this electron very
easily
when electron is lost the metal
gains a stable non-reactive
noble gas configuration
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Harder, denser, stronger, and have higher melting points than alkali
metals
All are reactive not as reactive as group 1
Alkaline Earth Metals

Must lose two electrons to gain a stable configuration


Groups 3-12:Transition Metals

Not as reactive as Groups 1 and 2


Huge variety but all shiny
Multi valent form multiple ions
d-block elements
Alsoinclude: Inner Transition Elements
(Rare Earth Elements)
Elements 58-71 Lanthanides
Elements 90-103 Actinides
Group 17: Halogens

Most reactive non-metals


Combine easily with metals; especially the alkali metals
Halogens

7 valence electrons, one short of a stable octet.


Will gain one electron to become stable
-1 ions
Hydrogen

Most common element in the universe


Chemical family by itself because it behaves so differently
Reacts with most other elements
Rarely found in a free state in nature
1 valence electron
The Hindenberg

Filled with H
Veryreactive with
oxygen gas
He used in blimps today
much less reactive than H
Group 18: Noble Gases

Very low reactivity


Filled valence shells: s and p levels in the highest principal energy
levels are full
Very stable electron configuration
Many uses: signs, weather balloons and the airships (Blimps)
The Octet Rule

Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in order


to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons.

Elements on the left (metals) tend to lose valence


electrons and form positive ions
Elements on the right (nonmetals) tend to gain
electrons to become negative ions
Periodic Trends
Atomic Radius

Measures as distance from nucleus to nucleus and divided by 2.

Unit commonly used is pm


picometer= 10-12m

Example: iodine atomic radius 140pm


How does atomic radius change
across a period?
It is smaller to the right.

Why?

More protons in the nucleus higher electrical force pulls electrons


closer to nucleus.
How does atomic radius change
down a group?
It is larger down the group.

Why?

Valence electrons are at higher energy levels and are not bound as
tightly to the nucleus because they are screened or shielded ( pushed
away) by other electrons in inner levels.
The Periodic Table and Atomic
Radius
Ionization energy

Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove an


electron from a gaseous atom.
First ionization energy 1+
Second ionization energy 2+
Ion

Positive ion ---removal of electron

Negative ion--- addition of electron


How does ionization energy
change down a group?
The first ionization energy decreases as you move down a group.
Why?
The size of the atom increases.
Electron is further from the nucleus.
How does ionization energy
change across a period?
The first ionization energy increases as you move from left to right
across a period.
Why?
Nuclear charge increases while shielding is constant.
Attraction of the electron to the nucleus increases.
Ionic size

Metallic elements easily lose electrons.


Non-metals more readily gain electrons.

How does losing or gaining an electron effect the size of the atom (ion) ?
Positive ions

Positive ions are always smaller that the neutral atom. Loss of outer
shell electrons.
Negative Ions

Negative ions are always larger than the neutral atom. Gaining
electrons.
Ion size trends in periods.

Going from left to right there is a decrease in size of positive ions.


Starting with group 5, there is sharp increase followed by a decrease in
the size of the anion as you move from left to right.
Ion size trends in columns.

Ion size increases as you move down a column for both positive and
negative ions
Electronegativity: the
ability of an atom in a bond
to pull on the electron. (Linus
Pauling)
Electronegativity

When electrons are shared by two atoms a covalent bond is


formed.

When the atoms are the same they pull on the electrons equally.
Example, H-H.

When the atoms are different, the atoms pull on the electrons
unevenly. Example, HCl
Trends in Electronegativity

Electronegativity generally decreases as you move down a group.

Electronegativity of the representative elements (Group A


elements) increases as you move across a period.
Electronegativities of Some
Elements
Element Pauling scale
F 4.0
Cl 3.0
O 3.5
N 3.0
S 2.5
C 2.5
H 2.1
Na 0.9
Cs 0.7
Nuclear charge
increases
Shielding increases
Atomic radius increases
Ionic size increases
Ionization energy
decreases
Electronegativity
decreases
Summary
Shielding is constant
Atomic Radius decreases

Nuclear charge increases


Electronegativity increases
Ionization energy increases

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