Malaria and Efforts Made

-Ashish Jha And Ayush Sharma

 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Research and Studies
3. Causes
4. Symptoms
5. How It Is Spread
6. Treatments
7. Complications
8. Success in Elimination
9. Global Efforts
10.Bibliograhy
 INTRODUCTION

Malaria is a life-threatening disease thats typically transmitted

through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.
It is usually found in tropical and subtropical climates where the
parasites that cause it live.
 RESEARCH & STUDIES
Numerous studies have been conducted on different fields of Malaria.

In the domain of science, researches on Malaria are really important to

Medicine. As per the known resources there are more than 2000s of journals,
conferences and workshops presently who are only aiming for the cure of this
harmful disease.

Researchers are focusing mainly on the development for a proper vaccine to

eliminate malaria. According, to the current estimation, around two million
kids die each year, alone in Africa (Francine Ntoumi, et al, The importance
and future of malaria research in Africa, 2004).
 RECENT OBJECTIVES

In the previous or last years of research of malaria, the

main objective was focused on Drugs and Vaccines that
target the blood stage of Infection, and mainly on the most
lethal species, Plasmodium falciparum, and most of the
researches advocated the need to prevent and treat the
disease.
 CAUSES
Pathogen
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasite.

There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but

only five types cause malaria in humans.

They include:

Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale,

Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi.
 Vectors
Malaria is spread by the female anopheles mosquitoes, one of
the most capable vectors of human disease.

Also known as night-biting mosquitoes because they most

commonly bite between dusk and dawn. About 30-40
anopheles species transmit malaria disease.
 Others
Since the malaria parasites reside and reproduce in the blood,
in some cases it is possible to transmit malaria from person to
person through transfer of a large volume of blood, for
example during a blood transfusion, sharing of needles, but
this is very rare.
 SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of malaria typically develop within 10 days to four weeks
following the infection. In some people, symptoms may not develop for
several months. Some malarial parasites can enter the body but will be
dormant for long periods of time. Common symptoms of malaria include:
shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe
high fever
profuse sweating
headache
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
anemia
muscle pain
convulsions
coma
bloody stools
 How is it spread?
If a mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria,itcan also
become infected and spread the parasite on to other people.
However, malaria can't be spread directly from person to person.

Once you're bitten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels
to the liver. The infection develops in the liver before re-entering the
bloodstream and invading the red blood cells.

The parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells. At regular
intervals, the infected blood cells burst, releasing more parasites into
the blood. Infected blood cells usually burst every 48-72 hours. Each
time they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and sweating.
 TREATMENT
Malaria is an entirely preventable and treatable disease. The primary
objective of treatment is to ensure a rapid and complete elimination of
thePlasmodiumparasite from the patients blood in order to prevent
progression of uncomplicated malaria to severe disease or death, and to
chronic infection that leads to malaria-related anaemia. From a public
health perspective, treatment is meant to reduce transmission of the
infection to others, by reducing the infectious reservoir and by preventing
the emergence and spread of resistance to antimalarial medicines.
Although, treatment of malaria depends on the following factors:
Type of infection.
Severity of infection.
Status of the host.
Associated conditions/ diseases.
LIFE THREATENING COMPLICATIONS

Malaria Can Cause A Number Of Life-threatening

Complications. The Following May Occur:
Swelling Of The Blood Vessels Of The Brain, Or Cerebral
Malaria .
An Accumulation Of Fluid In The Lungs That Causes
Breathing Problems, Or Pulmonary Edema.
Organ Failure Of The Kidneys, Liver, Or Spleen.

Anemia Due To The Destruction Of Red Blood Cells.

Low Blood Sugar.

 SUCCESS IN THE FIELD OF
ELIMINATION
Malaria research is a wide topic for the researchers, early
success were control on malaria as pyrethrum was sprayed
South Africa, Netherlands and India and elimination of
A.gambiae(insect) from many countries, (The New England,
Journal of Medicine, 1975).

Manyprogrammesand projects, using insecticide-impregnated

bed nets tells us the reduction in overall mortality and also the
decrease in many malaria indices (Implications of the Western
Kenya Permethrin Treated Bed Net Study for Policy, Program
Implementation, William A Hawley, 2003).
 RECENT SUCCESSES
Malaria mortality rate was reduced during the years 2000 and 2015,
at global stage by 60% overall, and 65% among children under 5
since 2000. Going by reported cases(as of 2013), more than 50
countries are on track to reduce malaria case incidence rates by
75% , asaccordanceof World Health Assembly, and the targets set
by World HealthOrganization, and Roll Back Malariainitiative.
Currentlythe main initiatives of theprogrammefocuses to
strengthen the capacity building for malaria controls in theworld.
Thetreatment, nowadaysis being done with the help ofartemisinin-
based combination therapies (ACTs) which has proven very handy.
 Cases of Malaria in Recent Years

SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation, based on WHO, World

Malaria Report 2014
 GLOBAL EFFORTS
Global efforts in the fight against malaria have saved an estimated
3.3 million lives since 2000, according to the World Health
Organization (WHO)s latest malaria report.

This progress has been made despite the fact that funding to
control the illness, which is transmitted by mosquitoes, is below
the amount public health experts feel is adequate.

The future of malaria research is both bright and dull

simultaneously. And the fund are being given by the many
organisations, like European Union, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UNDP,World Bank, World Health Organization.