Lord Dalhousie's Reforms and Policy of Annexation

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Policy of Annexation
Annexation of Punjab
Second Burmese War and the Annexation of Lower
Burma
Doctrine of Lapse
Annexation of Oudh
Domestic Reforms of Dalhousie
Railways
Telegraph
Postal Reform
Education
Public Works Department
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern
India. Explain (10m, 2013)
Lord Dalhousie 1848-

1856
Youngest Governor General
Was Determined to extend

Direct British Rule as large as
an area as possible
Q. Why?
Why?
British Exports were suffering due to mal
administration by native rulers
Hence, Annex/Control that state so that British
exports can get good market
So, came up with Policy of
Annexation
By this, Completed the map of British
Empire
But, Problem
How to annex the
states
Why?
British Exports were suffering due to mal
administration by native rulers
Hence, Annex/Control that state so that British
exports can get good market
So, came up with Policy of
Annexation
By this, Completed the map of British
Empire
But, Problem
How to annex the
states
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the
modern India. Explain (10m, 2013)
Q.How to annex the

states?
Annexation
Annexation Doctrine of
through war Lapse
Punjab1848-1850
Sikkim 1850
Annexation
through war Pegu( Lower 1852
Burma)
Punjab1848-1850
Sikkim 1850
Annexation
through war Pegu( Lower 1852
Burma)
In case if a ruler of a dependant

state died without a natural heir
Doctrine of to succeed him, his state would
Lapse be annexed to the British
territory
This Doctrine was in existence even before

Dalhousie
1834 Court of Directors came up with this type of
proposal
The adoption of son by a native ruler was generally
considered/recognised by the Co. Dalhousie Refused it
In case if a ruler of a dependant

state died without a natural heir
Doctrine of to succeed him, his state would
Lapse be annexed to the British
territory
This Doctrine was in existence even before

Dalhousie
1834 Court of Directors came up with this type of
proposal
The adoption of son by a native ruler was generally
considered/recognised by the Co. Dalhousie Refused it
3 Categories of States were
Doctrine of there during the period of
Lapse Dalhousie
1.Princely Rulers-Didn't paid any tribute nor accepted

States British
Paramountcy
Hence, were Independent
Doctrine of Lapse didn't applied on
these states
Doctrine of Satara, Nagpur,

Lapse Jhansi, Bhagat,
Udaipur
3 Categories of States were there during the period of
Dalhousie
Paid Tribute & accepted British Paramountcy
2.Princely Hence, were Protected Allies
States Permission necessary before adoption
Rulers- Placed/Installed by Britishers

3.Princely
Hence, were Dependant States
States Doctrine of Lapse applied on these
states
Reforms by
Dalhousie
1. Administrative Reforms
Bengal Placed under charge of Lieutenant
Governor
Centralised control of newly acquired
territory
Governor General
Commissioners
Territory
Reforms by
Dalhousie
2. Military Reforms
Increase in strength of European soldiers in
the Indian Army
Inclusion of Martial Tribes and their
regiments
Reforms by
Dalhousie
3. Educational Reforms
1854 Charles Woods Despatch
Foundation of Modern Education
in India
Anglo-Vernacular Schooling
Establishment of Following Model of
Universities @ 3 London University
Presidencies Presidency
Engineering
College College @ Roorkee
Reforms by
Dalhousie
3. Educational Reforms
1854 Charles Woods Despatch
Foundation of Modern Education
in India
Anglo-Vernacular Schooling
Establishment of Following Model of
Universities @ 3 London University
Presidencies Presidency
Engineering
College College @ Roorkee
Reforms by
Dalhousie
4. Railway Development
Setting up of 1st Railway Line 1853
Mumbai - Thane
Planning of Strategic lines to facilitate
east movement of goods and troops
Used for Defense Purpose
They make India as a Nation.
Reforms by
Dalhousie
4. Railway Development
Setting up of 1st Railway Line 1853
Mumbai - Thane
Planning of Strategic lines to facilitate
east movement of goods and troops
Used for Defense Purpose
They make India as a Nation.
Reforms by
Dalhousie
5. Electric Telegraph
Known as Father of Electric Telegraph in
India
4000 Miles Telegraph lines joining
Calcutta-Peshawar
Bombay-Madras
Reforms by
Dalhousie
5. Electric Telegraph
Known as Father of Electric Telegraph in
India
4000 Miles Telegraph lines joining
Calcutta-Peshawar
Bombay-Madras
Reforms by
Dalhousie
6. Postal Reforms
Modern Postal system Introduced
Post office Act 1854-
Uniform Rate
Introduction of Postage Stamps
Reforms by
Dalhousie
6. Postal Reforms
Uniform Rate
Reforms by
Dalhousie
6. Postal Reforms
Uniform Rate
Reforms by
Dalhousie
7. Public Works Department
(PWD)
Setting up of Separate PWD
Large funds to be spent on Public
Works
Construction of Ganges Agricultu
Canal
Brides, Roads etc. re
Reforms by
Dalhousie
8. Commercial Reforms
Following Free trade Principles
Opening of Indian ports for the world trade &
commerce
Harbours of Karachi, Bombay and
Calcutta were developed and light
houses were also constructed
Indian economy got Globalised
Reforms by
Dalhousie
8. Commercial Reforms
Following Free trade Principles
Opening of Indian ports for the world trade &
commerce
Harbours of Karachi, Bombay and
Calcutta were developed and light
houses were also constructed
Indian economy got Globalised
Question UPSC Pre 2007
Q. The ruler of which one of the following states was
removed from power by the British on the pretext of
misgovernance?
(a) Awadh (c) Nagpur
(b) Jhansi (d) Satara
Railways
Began
with 1853
Bombay-
Thane
Q. How did the Railways served the British Government?

Railways
Q. How did the Railways served the British Government?
Investment British Capital
Raw material supply From Sourcing Areas to Ports
Bringing British goods to Indian Markets
Strategic Purpose
Benefitted heavy Industries of England
Q. Impact of Railways on India

Railways We are
Q. Impact of Railways on India DEVELOPING
India, through
British Railway Policy Railways
Raw Material Mostly Exported through

Railways
Finished goods Market through Railways
Monopoly of English
Traders
Traditional Industries Already in trouble, Final blow

by Railways
Railways We are
India, through
Railways Industrialisation in England

Industrialisation Development of Allied
Sectors
But in India ?? Nothing happened

1910 Rail Track Imported from
England
1940 Engines & Machinery
Imported from England
Railways We are
India, through
Railways Who was the Investor of

Capital ?
British Government & Businessmen
Government Incentive Assured 5% Dividend
But Q. From where does this dividend

paid off?
Indian Peoples tax Drain of Wealth
Railways We are
India, through
Railways Also responsible for Famines
Railways Grains were brought to Port

City from Rural Areas
From Ports, Grains were Exported
Due to Export of Grains, Scarcity in Local

Market
Peasants also encouraged to grow Cash
Crops
Railways We are
India, through
Neglect of Other Infrastructure
Irrigation 75 Crores Rupees (Till 1902-

03)
Railways 359 Crores Rupees (Till 1905)
Q. Positive Impact of Railways?

Railways
Q. Impact of Railways on India
Positive Impact of Railways
Connected different Parts of
India
Trade & People of different parts
Commerce could meet each other
Rural Areas Emergence of Nationalist
Connected with Feelings
Cities
Challenge to
orthodoxy and Social Provided Employment
customs Opportunity
Thank You

Lord Dalhousie's Reforms and Policy of Annexation

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Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)

Lord Dalhousie 1848-

Was Determined to extend

Q.How to annex the

In case if a ruler of a dependant

This Doctrine was in existence even before

In case if a ruler of a dependant

This Doctrine was in existence even before

1.Princely Rulers-Didn't paid any tribute nor accepted

Doctrine of Satara, Nagpur,

Rulers- Placed/Installed by Britishers

Q. How did the Railways served the British Government?

Investment British Capital

Raw material supply From Sourcing Areas to Ports

Bringing British goods to Indian Markets

Benefitted heavy Industries of England

Q. Impact of Railways on India

Raw Material Mostly Exported through

Traditional Industries Already in trouble, Final blow

Railways Industrialisation in England

But in India ?? Nothing happened

Railways Who was the Investor of

But Q. From where does this dividend

Railways Also responsible for Famines

Railways Grains were brought to Port

Due to Export of Grains, Scarcity in Local

Neglect of Other Infrastructure

Irrigation 75 Crores Rupees (Till 1902-

Q. Positive Impact of Railways?

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