University of Brawijaya - Agricultural

Engineering

Physical Characteristic of Agricultural

ZAQLUL IQBAL Materials
Meet
9
Shape and
Size

I = f {bentuk, ukuran, orientasi, kerapatan, }

Bentuk dan ukuran bahan pertanian pada umumnya tidak beraturan

sehingga banyak sekali dibutuhkan data untuk menggambarkan sifat-
sifat fisik secara akurat.
Namun demikian, untuk tujuan praktis dapat disederhanakan ke
dalam bentuk umum.
Contoh: biji-bijian pada umumnya disifatkan menurut panjang, lebar
dan tebal.

Pada dasarnya, belum ada cara pengukuran yang sederhana untuk

menggambarkan secara tepat bentuk produk pertanian.

Bentuk-bentuk produk pertanian hanya dapat dibandingkan

berdasarkan irisan memanjang (longitudinal)dan irisan melintang
(lateral).

Irisan tersebut kemudian dibandingkan dengan bentuk yang sesuai

dalam tabel standard.
Criteria for describing Shape and Size:
Charted Standards

Bentuk: Deskripsi:
Round (bulat) Mendekati bola
Oblate Pipih pada ujung tangkai
Oblong Diameter vertikal > diameter horizontal
Conic Mengecil ke arah ujung
Ovate Berbentuk telur, agak lebar di ujung tangkai
Oblique Sumbu yang berhubungan dengan tangkai
Obovate Kebalikan dari ovate
Elliptical Mendekati elipsoidal
Truncate Memiliki dua akhir bertingkat atau rata
Unequal Separuh lebih panjang dibanding yang lain
Ribbed Potongan melintang dalam, sisi-sisi lebih atau kurang
siku
Regular Bentuk potongan horizontal mendekati lingkaran
Irregular Bentuk potongan melintang horisontal menyimpang
dari lingkaran
Round

Oblate

Oblong Conic
 Ovat Oblique
e

Truncate
Eliptical
Unequal
Ribbed

Regular Irregular
Roundness (Kebundaran)

Roundness is a measure of the sharpness of

the corners of the solid. Several methods have
been proposed for estimating roundness such
as:

Where Ap = Largest projected area of object in natural rest position

Ac = Area of smallest circumscribing circle
Where r = radius of small curvature
R = radius of the maximum inscribed circle
N = total number of corners summed in numerator
Sphericity (Kebulatan)

The geometric foundation of the concept of sphericity rests upon

the isoperimetric properties of a sphere

Where di = the diameter of a sphere of the same volume as the object

dc = the diameter of the smallest circumscribing sphere
Volume and Density

Specific Gravity:

Weight Density:

Massa
apel
 Example:
Assuming a specific gravity of 1 and a weight density of 1000 kg/m 3
for water , using the platform scale method, the volume and specific
gravity of an apple was determined as follows:

Weight of apple in air = 0.132 kg

Weight of container + water = 1.016 kg
Weight of container + water + apple submerged = 1.183 kg. Find
the volume and specific gravity of apple!

Answer:
Weight of displaced water = 1.183-1.016 = 0.167 kg
 Porosity

Untuk bahan yang porus dan biji curahan (bulk), porositas

merupakan salah satu sifat yang penting. Porositas
merupakan rasio antara volume rongga terhadap volume total
produk. Porositas berperan penting dalam proses pengeringan
karena mempengaruhi pergerakan air dan udara dalam
bahan.

Apparatus to measure porosity of granular and unconsolidated materials

Example:
To determine the porosity of dry shelled
corn, tank 2 of the apparatus in Fig.1 is
filled with a sample of this corn to a bulk
density of 752.8 kg/m3. The pressure
readings were P1 = 0.39 m of Hg and
P3 = 0.26 m of Hg. Find the porosity of Fig. 1
the corn!

Aswer:
Surface Area

Leaf and stalk surface area

Some of the methods used for measuring leaf and stalk surface area are
contact printing the surface on a light sensitive paper and measuring
the area by a planimeter; tracing area on a graph paper and counting
the squares

Fruit surface area

The fruit surface area estimated by each of the following methods:
a. A formula involving two elliptic integrals for surface area of an
ellipsoid with axes a>b>c
b. Transverse diameters
c. Axial or longitudinal diameters
d. Weight of fruits