Networking Technologies

and Protocols such as

TCP/IP, Ethernet, etc
Pratik Choksi 07
Monil Shah 45
Kartik Patel 35
Prachi Kotkar 20
Sweta Godkar 15
Mayur Mhatre - 27
 What is a Network?
A network can be defined as two or more computers
connected together in such a way that they can share
resources.
The purpose of a network is to share resources.
A resource may be:
- File
- Folder
- Printer
- Disk Drive
- Or just about anything else that exist on
a computer
 Need of Networking
Resource sharing Through a network, data, S/W &
H/W resources can be shared irrespective of the
physical location of the resources & the user

Reliability A file can have its copies on two or

more computer of the network

Reduced cost Sharing resources reduce the cost

Fast communication Information can be

exchanged at a very fast speed
 Few terms related to Network
Workstation or Nodes: Refers to computer that
are attached to a network
Server: The master computer is called server.
Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w & h/w
concepts
 Types of Network
Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is
classified as

LAN : Local Area Network

WLAN : Wireless Local Area Network

WAN : Wide Area Network

MAN : Metropolitan Area Network

SAN : Storage Area Network, System Area Network,

Server Area Network, or sometimesSmall Area Network
 Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network covering a small geographic area, like a
home, office, or group of buildings

Client Client

Client Client

Client Client
 Wide Area Network
Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer
network that covers a broad area (i.e., any
network whose communications links cross
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
 Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network
that interconnects users with computer resources
in a geographic area or region larger than that
covered by even a large local area network (LAN)
but smaller than the area covered by a wide area
network (WAN).
 What is Network Protocol
It is set rules that governs the
communications between computers on a
network.
In order for two computers to talk to each
other, they must be speaking the same
language
Many different types of network protocols and
standards are required to ensure that your
computer (no matter which operating system,
network card, or application you are using)
can communicate with another computer
located on the next desk or half-way around
the world
 The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection)
The Open Systems Interface means a system that can
communicate with any other system that follows the
specified standards, formats and semantics.

The OSI Model supports two types of Protocols namely:

a) Connection Oriented: Sender and receiver first establish

a connection, possibly negotiate on a protocol - Transmit the
stream of data- Release the connection when done- E.g.
Telephone connection

b) Connectionless:- No advance setup is needed- You can

transmit the messages to the receiver irrespective of whether
the receiver is online or offline.
 OSI Protocol Suite
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical Layer
The physical layer is concerned with the
transmission of bits
It follows a two way or one way transmission
It follows standard protocols which deal with
electrical, mechanical and signalling interfaces
Data Link Layer
Handles errors in the physical layer
Groups bits into frames and ensures their correct
delivery
Adds some bits at the beginning and end of each
frame plus the checksum
The Data Link Layer on the receivers machine
verifies the checksum and if the checksum is not
correct, it asks for retransmission
Network Layer:
Concerned with the transmission of packets
Chooses the best path to send a packet (routing) to
ensure speedy delivery of data
It may be complex in a large network (e.g. Internet)
It uses a connection oriented protocol called X.25 for
telephone connections and also used Internet
Protocol for establishing connectionless networks.
Transport Layer:
Since the network layer does not deal with lost
messages, the transport layer above it ensures
reliable service
This layer breaks the message from the sessions
layer above it into small packets, assigns sequence
number and sends them to the network layer below it
for transmission over the network
Sessions Layer:
Its an enhanced version of the transport layer
and helps in dialog control, synchronization
facilities.
Presentation Layer:
Concerned with the semantics of the bits sent
Sender can tell the receiver the format of the
data that is being sent
Application Layer:
This layer consists of applications which
communicate using protocols
Email, file transfer, remote login applications
use protocols like SMTP, FTP, Telnet etc.
OSI-Data Flow
TCP / IP
 Layers of TCP /IP
Application Layer :- Application layer defines
TCP/IP application protocols and how host
programs interface with transport layer services
to use the network.
Consists of below :-
DNS, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DHCP

Transport Layer :- The purpose of Transport

layer is to permit devices on the source and hosts
to carry on a conversation. Transport layer defines
the level of service and status of the connection
used when transporting data. The main protocols
included at Transport layer are TCP
 Internet Layer :- Internet layer pack data into data
packets known as IP datagram's, which contain source
and destination address (logical address or IP
address)information that is used to forward the
datagram's between hosts and across networks. The
Internet layer is also responsible for routing of IP
datagram's.

Network Access Layer :- Network Access layer

defines details of how data is physically sent through
the network, including how bits are electrically or
optically signaled by hardware devices that interface
directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable,
optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire.
The protocols included in Network Access layer are
Ethernet, Token Ring ,FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay
etc.
 Networking Technology
Technology facilitates communication.

Technology has 2 parts or layers.

a. Hardware: Actual physical devices like

wires, networking devices falls in this
category.

b. Software: Logic required to facilitate

communication over hardware is called
software, algorithm or protocols.
 Ethernet Technology
Developed by Xerox
802.3 by IEEE
CSMA/CD
QoS enabled
100% users uses ethernet technology on LAN.

Ethernet types
Ethernet 10 mbps
Fast ethernet 10o mbps
Gigabit ethernet 1000 mbps
10 GE 10,000 mbps
Ethernet
Technology(contd.)
Ethernet mediums
1. Thin wire
2. Thick wire
3. Twisted pair(TP)
4. Fiber optics
 Serial Technology
Mostly suited for MAN & WAN networks where
longer distance need to be covered.

Line driving of data.

Uses high frequency signals.

 Serial Technology(contd.)
Error-free connection.
Ethernet vs. Serial
Ethernet Serial
Suitable for MAN &
Mostly used in LAN
WAN
Doesnt ensure
Error-free
error-free
connection
connection

Faster Slower

Less cost More cost

Small distance Large distance

 Technologies
Purpose to transmit data from one location to
another
Voice data
Computer data
Video data
Any data
Major components
Transmission media
Network topology
Data communications hardware
Protocols used in system
Network software
Telecommunications
services
 Data inside computers is in digital form

Networks transmit two forms of data

Analog voice over telephone

Digital data over ISDN telephone line
Analog network cannot carry digital data
Most of existing telephone system is an analog
network

Conversion of digital data to analog format (when

necessary)
Modulation
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Convert on one end of transmission; de-convert
on other end
Modulationdemodulation, or modem for short
 Wireless Network

Wireless networkrefers to any type ofcomputer

networkthat is not connected by cables of any kind.
It is a method by which home, telecommunications
networks and enterprise (business) installations
avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a
building, or as a connection between various
equipment
Wirelesstelecommunications
networks are generally
implemented and administered
usingradio communication.
 Cellular network
Acellular networkormobile networkis a radio
network distributed over land areas called cells, each
served by at least one fixed-locationtransceiver,
known as acell site orbase station.
When joined together these cells provide radio
coverage over a wide geographic area.
Although originally intended for cell
phones, with the development of
smartphones,cellular telephone
networks routinely carry data
Global System for Mobile Communications
Personal Communications Service
D-AMPS
 WIFI
Wi-Fi(pronounced why fy, also spelledWiforWiFi) is a
popular technology that allows an electronic device to
exchange datawirelessly(usingradio waves) over
acomputer network, includinghigh-speed
Internetconnections.
TheWi-Fi Alliancedefines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area
network(WLAN) products that are based on theInstitute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE)802.11
standards".[
Such an access point (orhotspot) has a range of about 20
meters (65feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors.
Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections (such
asEthernet) because an intruder does not need a physical
connection.
Mobile Communication Technology
3G and 4G are standards for mobile
communication

Nomenclature of the generations refers to :

Change in the fundamental nature of the
service
Non-backwards-compatible transmission
technology
Higher peak bit rates
New frequency bands
Wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz

 4G Technology
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially
deployed:
Mobile WiMAX standard
at first in South Korea in 2006
WiMAX smart phones since 2010

Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard

in Oslo, Norway since 2009
LTE smartphones since 2011
 3G and 4G
3G 4G
Data Throughput: Up to 3.1Mbps 100 to 300 mbps

Peak Upload Rate 50 Mbps 500 Mbps

Peak Download Rate 100 Mbps 1 Gbps
Switching Technique packet switching packet switching,
message switching

Network Architecture Wide Area Cell Based Integration of wireless

LAN and Wide area

Services And CDMA 2000, UMTS, Wimax2 and LTE-

Applications EDGE etc Advance

Forward error 3G uses Turbo codes Concatenated codes

correction for error correction. are used for error
corrections in 4G.

Frequency Band: 1.8 2.5GHz 2 8GHz

Cloud Computing
 Benefits of Cloud Computing
It is use of computing resources , delivered as a
service over a network
End users access cloud-based applications through
a web browser
business software and user's data are stored on
servers at a remote location
cloud computing have a choice between private
and public cloud servers
 Conclusion
The components of a telecommunications system
To compare and contrast the various types of
transmission media
To identify and explain the characteristics of various
types of computer networks
To identify and describe the role of the major
hardware items used in networks
The importance of networking protocols and identify
the major ones used in business
To identify and describe the role of software used in
networks
The function of telecommunications services
The importance of network planning and the major
components of a network plan
 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://www.gbesx.com
Fcit.usf.edu