BAB 6

FORCE AND MOTION

1.1 Analysing The motion of
Vehicles on Land
1.2 Speed, Velocity and
Acceleration
1.3 Understanding the concept of
inertia
1.4 Applying the concept of
HJ. CHE AHAMAD BIN DAUD GURU CEMERLANG SAINS KV.KULIM
momentum
 5.1 : Analysing The motion of
Vehicles on Land
1. Vehicles on land can be either
engines powered or engineless.
2. Vehicles by engines powered used
gasoline or petrol while by engineless
used man-energy or animal energy.
3. Bicycles are two-wheeled vehicles
which have pedal, chainwheels,
handlebar and calipers brakes.
Principles operational of vehicles with
engines
1. Most engine-powered used an internal-
combustion engine which works by burning a
mixture of gasoline and air inside closed cylinders.
2. There are two types of stroke engine such as four
stroke and two stroke engine.
3. Four stroke engine either use petrol or diesel fuel.
4. Name of four stroke engine are :intake stroke,
compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust
stroke
5. Figure 5.2 show the difference principles
operational between four stroke petrol engine and
four stroke diesel engine.
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4 Stroke
Single Cylinder Engine - from Gyroscope.com.flv
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4 stroke
with - Yahoo! Video.flv
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4-stroke
internal combustion engine demonstration.flv
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4 stroke
with - Yahoo! Video2.flv
 JISIM DAN INERSIA
Jisim

Kuantiti jirim yang terkandung dalam satu jasad

Nilai jisim adalah tetap
Unit: kg, g , mg
Alat mengukur:neraca turas, neraca elektronik

GERAKAN KENDERAAN
DI DARAT
KENDERAAN BERENJIN
 Inersia
Sifat semula jadi sesuatu objek yang
Mengekalkan keadaan asalnya.
Ada 2 jenis:
Inersia Pegun
Inersia Gerakan
Inersia pegun mengekalkan keadaan pegun sesuatu
jasad
Inersia gerakan mengekalkan keadaan gerakan
sesuatu objek
Semakin besar jisim, semakin besar inersianya.
CONTOH INERSIA PEGUN
CONTOH INERSIA GERAKAN
 Apabila kereta berhenti secara tiba-tiba,
penumpang terhumban ke hadapan
keranainersia gerakan penumpang cuba
mengekalkan keadaan gerakannya.
Batu yang besar sukar digerakkan kerana
inersia pegunnya adalah besar.
Motobot lebih mudah mengubah arah
gerakannya berbanding kapal besar kerana
inersia motobot adalah lebih kecil
Ciri keselamatan:
1. Pemandu memakai tali pinggang
keledar
2. Beg udara dipasang di dalam kereta
The differences between engine
diesel and engine petrol
Engine diesel Engine petrol

Diesel Petrol

No spark plug Have spark plug

No carburetor Have carburetor

Most efficiency Less efficiency

 Two stroke petrol engine

1. This engine commonly found in lower-

powered application such as small
motorbikes, motorboat and machines
cutting grass.
2. Only two types of stroke [ upstroke and
downstroke ] of the piston.
3. Figure 5.3 and 5.4 shows the explanation
about two stroke engine.{ pg 114 }.
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\How Two-stroke
Engines Work.flv
 The relationships between the structure and
operation of the engine and the movement of
vehicles
1. The engine block called cylinder block
[ house the engines internal parts and
provided the foundation for pump, pulley
and other accessory parts ]
2. The more cylinders an engine has, the
greater is its power.
3. Internal combustion engines burn petrol or
diesel, creating gases that push pistons up
and down in a cylinder.
4. Then the powered will produce and
transferred from the engine to the drive
sharf of the wheels, via the gear box,
enabling the car to move. [pg 115 figure 5.5
]
 5.2 : Speed, Velocity and
Acceleration
1. Speed and velocity is a measure of how
fast an object moves.
2. Speed only measure how far the object
moves on a given time but velocity
measure how far and the direction the
object moves on a given time.
3. Unit are in meter per second [m/s]
4. The equation for speed and velocity are :
Speed / Velocity = Distance (m )
Time ( seconds or s)

ms
 Acceleration

1. The acceleration is measured in

metres per second [ ms]
2. The acceleration is the change in
velocity per time taken.[pg 119
example how to calculate the
acceleration ]
3. When the value of acceleration is
negative it means the object
decelerates
 1.3 Understanding the
concept of inertia

Inertia
Natural behaviour of the object to
resist changes in its original state
whether static or in motion.
 Examples of inertia

Passenger in a bus will move forward

when the bus suddenly stopped.
Relationship between mass
and inertia

The bigger the mass, the

bigger is the inertia.
 A boat will continue to move forward
even we stop paddling
A lorry is more difficult to stop
compare to a car moving with
the same speed
2. The tin full of sand (A)
is more difficult
to stop compare to an empty tin (B)

STRING
STRING

SAND
 Safety features use in
vehicles
1. The use of safety belts.
2. The use of head rest in a car.
 1.4 Applying the concept of
momentum
Momentum is the product of mass
and velocity.

momentum = mass X velocity

The S.I unit for momentum is kgms-1

 Momentum
Takrif: Hasil darab jisim dengan
halaju
Momentum = Jisim X halaju
(kgms-1) (kg) (ms-1)

Semakin besar jisim sesuatu objek

semakin besar momentumnya.

Semakin besar halaju sesuatu objek,

semakin besar momentumnya
 Momentum ialah jisim sesuatu benda
bergerak darab halajunya.
Sebagai contoh, sebuah kenderaan
yang berjisim 100 kg bergerak
dengan kelajuan 10ms-1.
Momentumnya ialah :-
100 x 10 = 1000 kgms-1
 Relationship between
momentum, mass and velocity

Momentum of an object is big if:

a). The mass is big

b). The velocity is high.
 Principle of conservation of
momentum
Principle of conservation of momentum
state that in one collision, the momentum
before collision is equal to the momentum
after collision .
momentum = momentum after
before collision collision
 Prinsip Keabadian
Momentum
Menyatakan bahawa dalam
suatu perlanggaran, jumlah
momentum objek-objek
sebelum perlanggaran
adalah sama dengan jumlah
momentum objek-objek
selepas perlanggaran .
 Daya impuls: Daya yang bertindak
ketika perlanggaran berlaku// kadar
perubahan
momentum
Daya impuls =
Momentum akhir momentum
awal
Masa perlanggaran
 Saintis telah menyatakan satu prinsip yang
menarik berkaitan momentum.

"Prinsip Keabadian Momentum"

menyatakan bahawa jumlah
momentum 2 objek yang
bergerak adalah dikekalkan
sehinggalah ia diganggu oleh
daya dari luar.
 Penemuan konsep momentum
mempunyai kesan yang mendalam
terhadap kehidupan manusia. Dalam
sesuatu perlanggaran kereta,
penumpang yang lebih berat
(berjisim tinggi) akan mengalami
kecederaan yang teruk. Reka bentuk
bampar kereta yang senang
menyerap hentakan telah
menyelamatkan banyak nyawa.
Walau bagaimanapun kita hendaklah
berhati-hati supaya kemalangan
tidak berlaku.
PRINSIP KEABADIAN
MOMENTUM
 Examples the application of
momentum in everyday life
1. The passenger space is built with
tough material.
2. Front and the rear part of a car is
built from a collapsible material.
 A steering is manufactured from a
collapsible material.
A cars dashboard is made from soft
materials.
 5. TEKANAN
Tekanan ditakrifkan sebagai daya dibahagi luas.

Tekanan = Daya / luas (Nm-2)

Tekanan boleh dikurangkan jika kita

menambah luas permukaan kasut apabila
berjalan dalam lumpur. Ini boleh mengelakkan
kita dari terbenam dalam lumpur.
Tekanan juga boleh berlaku dalam cecair.
Penggunaan tekanan dalam bendalir
menolong dalam operasi sistem hidraulik.
Semakin besar daya yang
dikenakan pada suatu
permukaan, semakin
besar tekanan dihasilkan
Semakin besar luas
permukaan suatu objek,
semakin kecil tekanan
dihasilkan.
 Contoh konsep tekanan dalam
kehidupan harian:
Paku yang tajam lebih mudah
diketuk ke dalam bongkah kayu
atau konkrit
Penerangan: Paku yang tajam
mempunyai luas permukaan sentuhan
yang lebih
Kecil dan akan menghasilkan tekanan
tinggi
 Kenderaan yang bergerak di kawasan
Lumpur mempnyai tayar yang lebar
Penerangan : Tayar yang lebar dapat
mengurangkan tekanan ke atas lumpur
Pisau yang tajam digunakan untuk
memotong daging
Penerangan: Pisau yang tajam mempunyai
luas permukaan sentuhan yang kecil dan
akan menghasilkan tekanan yang tinggi
Pemegang beg mempunyai jalur yang
lebar untuk dipegang
Penerangan: Jalur yang lebar dapat
mengurangkan tekanan ke atas tapak
tangan
Blok
span
kayu
SEMAKIN
BESAR DAYA
SEMAKIN
BESAR
TEKANAN
 PEMBERAT PEMBERAT PEMBERAT
100G 300G 500G

BONGKAH SPAN
KAYU
JARAK JARAK JARAK
MAMPATAN MAMPATAN MAMPATAN
KECIL SEDDERHANA BESAR
 SEMAKIN KECIL LUAS
PERMUKAAN SEMAKIN BESAR
TEKANAN
 Pemberat 500g Pemberat 500g Pemberat 500g
PAKU PAKU
PAKU

PLASTERSIN

LUAS LUAS LUAS

PERMUKAAN PERMUKAAN PERMUKAAN
SEDERHANA KECIL BESAR

LEKUK DALAM LEKUK CETEK

LEKUK SEDERHANA
 Semakin kecil luar permukaan semakin
dalam lekukan yang terhasil

Semakin besar luas permukaan semakin

semakin kecil lekukkan yang terhasil.

SEMAKIN KECIL LUAS PERMUKAAN

SENTUHAN SEMAKIN BESAR
TEKANAN YANG DIHASILKAN
APLIKASI LAIN TEKANAN DALAM
KEHIDUPAN SEHARIAN
 6. SISTEM HIDRAULIK
Apabila sesuatu tekanan dikenakan keatas
bendalir, tekanan tersebut akan
dipindahkan sama rata dalam bendalir
tersebut. Konsep digunakan dalam sistem
hidraulik.PRINSIP PASCAL

Tekanan yang dikenakan keatas omboh

kecil akan dipindahkan ke omboh besar.
Tekanan yang dipindahkan ke omboh besar
ini digunakan untuk menggerakkan beban
yang besar. Sistem hidraulik digunakan
dalam jek hidraulik (digunakan untuk
mengangkat lori bila tayar rosak). Selain itu
ia juga digunakan dalam sistem brek lori.
1.5 The concept of pressure
Pressure is defined as the force per
unit of surface area.
Pressure = force/surface area
S.I unit = Nm-2 @ Pa
 The relationship between
pressure, force and surface
area
The pressure that apply to the surface
area increases if :

a. A force increases
b. The surface area is reduced.
 Examples of application of
pressure in everyday life
1. The sharp knife can cut easily
because the force that apply to the
surface area is tiny and produce a
large pressure.

The sharp knife The blunt knife

 2. A hammer comes with a
broad wooden handle to
reduce the pressure exerted to
the hand
3. A sharp nail is easier to
hammer compare to a
blunt nail
Problem solving:
0.2m
0.1m
0.5m
0.1m

a b

If the weight of the wood block is

20N, calculate the pressure that
applied to the surface area of the
table when the wood block is put on
the table in position (a) and (b)
 answer
a. Pressure = force/surface area
= 20N
0.2mX0.1m
= 1000Nm-2
b. Pressure = force/surface area
= 20N
0.1mX0.5m
= 400Nm-2
Goodbye!
 THE PRINCIPLE OF
TRANSMISSION OF
PRESSURE IN LIQUID
PASCAL
PRINCIPLE

When a pressure exerts on a liquid, the

pressure is transmitted evenly throughout the
liquid
Water
force
Hole
Piston
SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
The even transmission of pressure
throughout the liquid enables a
smaller force at a smaller piston to
balance a greater force at a bigger
piston.
 Weight with bigger
Weight with small mass
mass

Cylinder Cylinder
with with
smaller bigger
piston piston

Figure : Smaller force at the smaller piston able to balance the bigger force at
the bigger piston
Pressure at small piston = pressure at big
piston

Force at small piston = Force at big piston

Surface area of small piston Surface area of
big piston
 THE APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC
SYSTEM IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Hydraulic jack

Hydraulic brake
THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
OF VEHICLES IN WATER
In order for a vehicle to move on
water,

- It must be able to float on water

- It must have forward thrust
- There must be a small water
resistance
 The shape of vehicle to
facilitate motion in water

Torpedo shape
 Archimedes Principle

When an object is immersed in a liquid,

either partially or fully, the upthrust
force is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced
thread

Eureka
can

water

stone Water
displaced
 PRINSIP ARCHEMEDES
Berat batu Berat Berat air dan Berat
(N) bikar (N)
Berat batu di 1.4 Berat bikar 0.8
udara kosong
Berat batu di 0.9 Berat bikar 1.3
dalam air dan air
tersesar
Kehilangan 0.5 Berat air yang 0.5
berat ketara tersesat
Apabila sesuatu objek direndam dalam cecair
sepenuhnya atau sebahagian daya tujah keatas
adalah sama dengan berat air disesarkan
 Example of Archimedes
Principle
Submarine
Submarine float
at the water The
submarine
surface
float

Sea water

Water is
drained
Water is away from
filled into the ballast
the ballast tank
tank

The ballast
tank is full
 MOTION OF VEHICLES IN THE
AIR
- Forces that enable vehicles to move
in the air are the upthrust and
forward thrust
- Large upthrust is required to
overcome the weight of the vehicle
- Forward thrust is require to overcome
the air resistance so that the vehicle
is able to move forward
Compare and contrast the forces of motion generated by
the jet engine and the rocket
Jet engine Rocket
Similarities
Motion base on the principle of
conservation of momentum
Differences
Aerofoil wings Structure Built in many phases
Atmosphere Functional area Atmosphere and outer
space

Kerosene Fuel Liquid hydrogen

From atmosphere Oxygen supply Liquid oxygen

Air compression and fuel Operation Only fuel combustion

combustion

Require a long runway Launching method Launched vertically

upwards
 Bernoullis Principle
When the speed of a fluid increases,
the pressure of the fluid decreases or
vice versa

Area of high speed air flow

(low pressure)

Upthrust Area of low speed air flow

(high pressure)
 The application of Bernoullis
Principle in air flight
The aerofoil-shaped of the wings of
an aircraft produces an upthrust.

Upthrust

Forward Drag
thrust

Weight