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INSPECTION GROUP

Radiographic Inspection
( Source & Film
Positions )
INTRODUCTION:

1.0 THE RADIOGRAPHY PROCESS:


Radiography is a process of testing
materials that uses penetrating radiation such as
x-rays or gamma rays. Radiography is called a
non destructive method of testing since objects
that are tested are not damaged by the test and
may still be used when the testing is completed.
This method uses a suitable film to obtain a
permanent photographic presentation of the
internal structure of an object as revealed by
radiation as it passes through the object. When
processed, the film is interpreted and the
findings correlated with the applicable reference
standard or known information to establish a
common or reciprocal relation.
2.0 BASIC ESSENTIALS IN PRODUCING RADIOGRAPHY

2.1 Source of radiation, usually x-


rays or gamma rays.
2.2 Object to be tested.
2.3 A cassette containing the film
3.0 Radiation Source Used Inside Petrokemya

3.1 X Rays:
3.1.1 Source of X Rays:
3.0 Radiation Source Used Inside Petrokemya

3.2 Gamma Rays ( Ir 192 )


3.2.1 Typical Gamma Ray
Source
Assembly
4.0Variables in Producing Radiography

4.1 Density Difference:


Properly balanced shades of
light
and dark shadows measuring a
distinguishability of various
thickness gradations together
with minute detail structure.

4.2 Sensitivity:
A measure of the ability of a
given
radiographic procedure or
technique
to reveal smallest
discontinuities in
density present in the material.
4.0 Variables in Producing Radiography

4.3 Definition:
Refers to the fidelity with which a given technique or
procedure
reveals on a radiographed . The outline of discontinuities
or density difference that are present in the material
being examined which is related to he sharpness with
which the boundaries of a discontinuity of a test object
are revealed on the transmitted beam or final image.

4.3.1Geometric Principles:
Since both x-rays and gamma rays obey the law of light,
and
since radiography is really a point-by-point shadow
picture
of an object placed in a radiation beam, the geometric
principles
related to the optics apply in the making of a
radiograph.
Size and location of source
from which rays originate from
every portion of its area. Ray
SOURCE
X and ray Y represent two,
from diametrically opposite
Y Y sides of the source.

X X

Void or flaw
A

OBJECT
( DEFECT)
B Shadow on a film

P
Penumbral shadow which makes
the image fuzzy instead of sharp
5.0 Radiographic Technique

A single wall exposure technique shall


be used for radiography whenever
practical. When it is not practical, a
double wall technique shall be used.

5.1 Single-wall Technique:


In the single-wall technique, the
radiation passes through only one
wall of the weld, which is viewed for
acceptance on the radiographed. An
adequate number of exposures shall
be made to demonstrate that the
required coverage has been
obtained.

Exposure Arrangement 5.1.1


Panoramic Set-up
5.0 Radiographic Technique

Exposure Arrangement 5.1.2

Exposure Arrangement 5.1.3


5.0 Radiographic Technique

Exposure Arrangement 5.1.4

Exposure Arrangement 5.1.5


5.0 Radiographic Technique

5.2 Double-wall Technique


When it is not practical to use a single
wall-technique, one of the following
double-wall techniques shall be used.
5.2.1 Double-wall Viewing
For welds in components 3
or less in nominal outside
diameter, a technique in which
the radiation passes through
two walls and the weld in both
walls is viewed for acceptance
on the same radiographed may
be used. Care should be exercised
to ensure that the required
geometric
unsharpness is not exceeded. If the
geometric unsharpness cannot be Exposure Arrangement 5.2.1
met
then the single-wall viewing shall
be
used.
5.0 Radiographic Technique

5.2.1.1 For welds, the radiation beam


may be offset from the plane of
the weld at an angle sufficient to separate
the images of the source side
and film side portions of the weld so
that there is no overlap of the areas
to be interpreted.
When complete coverage is required
a minimum of two exposures taken
90 to each other shall be made for
each joint.
5.2.1.2 As an alternate, the weld may be
radiographed with the radiation beam
positioned so that the images of both wall

are superimpoesd. Exposure Arrangement 5.2.2


When complete coverage is required, a
minimum of three exposures taken at
either 60 or 120 to each other shall
be made for each joint.
THANK YOU

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