Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
H. A. Suud
Research and Project Proposals
Project proposals are documents designed to present a
plan of action.
Outline the reasons why the action is necessary
Convince the reader to agree with and approve the
implementation of the actions recommended
The purpose of a project proposal is to determine if a
proposed project is.
Feasible
Practical
Worth pursuing
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9. Deliverables
Presents the end results of the project which can be a
software, a report with recommendations or just the
methodology
10. Proposed time frame
Presents the time required for each of the
methodology mentioned.
11. Budget schedule
The amount of budget required with details is
presented in this section.
12. References
Books, Journals, the Internet could be included as
reference which have been surveyed to write the
proposal
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Budget schedule
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1. Author Names
2. Reference title
3. Publisher
4. Year
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Technical Report Writing
Associated Lesson Concept:
Engineers spend a great deal of time writing technical
reports to explain project information to various
audiences.
The Importance of Writing:
Engineers perform technical writing to communicate
pertinent information that is needed by upper
management to make intelligent
Upper Managementdecisions that will
effect a companys future. Decision
Control
Detailed
Knowledge
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Technical Reports:
Engineers write technical reports (also called
engineering reports) to communicate technical
information and conclusions about projects to
customers, managers, legal authority figures, and
other engineers.
A technical report follows a specific layout and
format as specified by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI).
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Layout and Format
Analogy:
Think of the layout and
format of a newspaper.
Stock market information
is found in a specific
location in a newspaper
(layout), and is presented
in a table format.
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Text
H. A. Suud
Front Cover
Title Page
Back Matter
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Summary
Introduction
Conclusion
References
Technical Report Layout
Appendixes
Back Cover
Front Matter
The front matter is used to help potential
readers find the report.
Once found, the front matter will help the reader
to quickly decide whether or not the material
contained within the report pertains to what they
are investigating.
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Front Matter
1. Cover*
2. Label*
3. Title Page
4. Abstract
5. Table of Contents
6. Lists of Figures and Tables
*May be an optional element
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Front Matter: Cover*
A cover and label are used if
the report is over 10 pages
long.
The cover (front and back)
provides physical protection
for the printed report. Plastic
spiral bindings and thick,
card-stock paper are
recommended.
*May be an optional element
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Front Matter: Label*
A label is placed on the cover to identify:
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Front Matter: Table of Contents
The table of contents
lists the title and
beginning page
number of each major
section within the
report (excluding the
title page and the
table of contents).
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Front Matter: List of Figures and
Tables*
A list of figures and
tables helps the
reader to locate
illustrations, drawings,
photographs, graphs,
charts, and tables of
information contained
in the report.
*May beSuud
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Text
The text is the part of a technical report
in which the author describes the
methods, assumptions, and
procedures; presents and discusses the
results; draws conclusions, and
recommends actions based on the
results.
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Text
Introduction
Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations*
References
The Introduction
prepares the reader to
read the main body of
the report.
This page focuses on
the subject, purpose,
and scope of the
report.
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Text: Introduction
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Text: Results and Discussion
Results
Explain your findings
with help of graphs or
tables , simulations
etc.
Discussion
How accurate are your
findings?
What is the significance
of the results of the
research?
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Text: Conclusion
Restatement of Results
What are the factual
findings that resulted from
your research?
What are you implying as a
result of these findings?
Concluding Remarks
What are your opinions
based on the findings and
results?
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Text: Recommendations*
A section called recommendations is often
included in reports that are the result of tests and
experiments, field trials, specific design
problems, and feasibility studies.
The author may recommend additional areas of
study and suggest a course of action, such as
pursuing an alternate design approach.
Additional Studies
Is there information that
still needs to be learned?
Suggested Actions
What does the author
want the reader to do with
the information?
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Back Matter
Appendixes*
Bibliography*
List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and
Acronyms
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Plagiarism
Plagiarism can be:
1. Unauthorized use of the language and
thoughts of another author and the
representation of them as one's own
2. Submitting someone elses text as ones
own or attempting to blur the line
between ones own ideas or words an
those borrowed from another source.
3. Carelessly or inadequately citing ideas or
words borrowed from another source.
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Intellectual Challenges
To avoid plagiarism, we can have outline
as follows:
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Oral presentation
Importance of presentation
Presentation is a part of research by
definition
The higher your position is, the more
presentations you have to make
Presentation is also an important part
of professional practice or life
Good presentation skill contributes to
professional success
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Nature of presentation
Speaker Vs audience
Speaker
wants to convey something
One person
Familiar with the topic
Audience
May want to listen and benefit
Many persons
May not be familiar with topic
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Plan your presentation -
Structure
1. Tell them what you are going to present
Overview, introduction, motivation
20%
2. Your main presentation
Main body of your talk 70%
3. Tell what you told them again
Summary 10%
Dont forget:
Few main points
Design your presentation around time
Dont collect facts tell a story
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Presentation Delivery
Plan ahead
(know the room; technical
equipment; )
Know the introduction by heart
Concentrate before your talk
(Recall your main points)
Speak freely (dont read and dont
recite)
Dont use formal notes (the most cheat
cards)
H. Use humor (but needs to be clean,
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Attitude/Style
Keep good time
Be enthusiastic
Be dramatic
Voice
Speak loudly and clearly
Avoid monotony
(change volume, speed, rhythm; make
pauses)
Mannerism
Look at your audience
Keep eye contact
Move, but dont pace
Use gesture and body language
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Interact with audience
Questions to audience (not frequently)
Be open to questions
Ending a point and beginning a new
point
Slow down and higher volume
Short pauses
Appropriate expressions
Dealing with nervousness
deep breathe, slow down, and confess it
Language (English)
Keep it simple
Emphasize the key points
Check the difficult pronunciations
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