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Comparative

Anatomy
Integument

Umie
Lestari
Integument

Figure 8.1

Epidermis derived from ectoderm


Gives rise to glands
Dermis derived from mesoderm
Amphibian skin

Amphibian skin
Figure 8.2: Poisonous Dart Frog.Figure 8.3:
showing mucous and poison
Modifications

Presence or
absence of bone in
dermis
Glands in aquatic
forms
Specializations in
epidermis of land Figure 8.4: African hairy
dwellers frog with specialized
hairs acting as auxiliary
respirator organs.
Function of Skin
Protection
Respiration
Temperature Control
Nourishment of Young
Locomotion and
reproductive
structures
Figure 8.5: African clawed frog
(Xenopus laevis) was used for
pregnancy test and spread
chytrid fungus around the
world.
Fish Skin
No stratum corneum
Many unicellular glands

Like goblet cells, secretes mucus

Photophores
Dermal Scales
Dermal bone plates
became skull
Ancient armor
Rhomboid scales
Modern fish Figure 8.6
Cycloid and ctenoid
scales
Placoid and ganoid scales

Figure 8.7: Cycloid, ctenoid, placoid, and ganoid scales of modern fish.
Figure 8.8:
Derivatives of
primitive dermal
bone.
Dermal
Scales

Figure 8.9

Ctenoid scales
Growth rings or annuli
Fish have no epidermal scales
Scales are dermal
Amphibian Skin

Loses dermal scales


Exception: caecilian
Epidermal multicellular glands
abundant
Stratum corneum
Integumentary Gland
Type

Figure 8.10
Simple tubular
Plethodontid mental glands associated
with courtship glands
Simple coiled tubular
Sweat glands

Simple branched tubular


Female plethodontid- spermatotheca

Simple alveolar (acinar)


Mucous glands
Figure 8.11

Compound tubular
Mammary glands of
monotremes
Compound branched
alveolar
Mammary glands of placentals
Courtship glands
Figure 8.12: Morphological varieties of multicellular
glands.
(a) Simple tubular, (b) Coiled tubular,
(c) Simple branched tubular, (d) Compound tubular,
(e) Alveolus of simple saccular gland, (f) Simple branched
saccular,
(g) Compound alveolar
Plethodontid (lungless
salamander) Mating

Internal fertilization
Male: mental glands on
chin, cloacal glands to
form spermatophore, (a)
and caudal courtship
glands
Female: spermatheca
for sperm storage
Glands secrete (b)
pheromones Figure 8.13: (a) Plethodontid sal. (b) spermat
Mating

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 8.14: (a) mental glands, (b) cloaca, (c) nasolabial groove.
Modes of Secretion

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

Figure 8.15
Merocrine
Cell body not injured
Release particles by

exocytosis
Most sweat glands in
(a)
mammals

Holocrine
Cell body discharged with
contents
Whole cell dies
(b)
Sebaceous glands
Figure 8.16: (a) merocrine
and
Apocrine
Cellular products gather
on surface then pinched
of
Apical portion pinched of

Axillary sweat glands

Figure 8.17: Apocrine gland.


Reptile Skin

Few glands (dry


skin)
Thick stratum
corneum with
modifications
Epidermal scales
Figure 8.18: Desert horned lizard.
Some reptiles have
remnants of dermal
armor (osteoderms)
Osteoderms beneath
some epidermal
scales
Gastralia- large
Figure 8.19: Osteoderms (dermal
osteoderms plates) of alligator.
Alligator and skinks

True dermal bones


Turtles
Turtles
Shell of dermal bone
Carapace (shell) dorsal
Plastron- ventral
Mesoplastron additional bone
on primitive, extinct turtles
Nuchal- diagnostic bone

Figure 8.20
Reptile Skin
Turtles have
epidermal scutes-
large epidermal scales
(a)
Snakes have scutes on
belly
Spikes and spines are
epidermal
(b)
Figure 8.21: snake belly scutes
(a) and white bony plate of turtle
Reptile Integumentary
Glands
Femoral pores
Occur ventrally, waxy
excretion
Figure
Many lizards, turtles 8.22:
and snakes have Prairie
Rattlesna
scent or cloacal ke.
glands
Snakes use forked
tongue to pick up
scent (Jacobsons
organ) Figure
8.23:
Jacobsons
organ.
Musk Glands
Scent glands
Along carapace in turtles
Under lower jaw in crocodiles
Musk deer
Take secretions to make perfume
Skin of Birds
Few epidermal scales
Legs and beak
Dermal scales are
absent
Claws- diversified
Few glands
Uropygial gland-
preening gland
Dermal scales absent
Figure 8.24: Feather type.
Feathers
Modification of reptilian scales
3 types
Contour- flight feather
provides wing shape
Down- beneath contour feather
Filoplume- long shaft
lost its vane
Skin of Mammals
Modifications of stratum
corneum
Hair, claws, nails, hooves
Hair
Like filoplume feather and
lack detail
Vibrissae
Specialized hairs Figure 8.25: Vibrissae of harbor s
Tactile in function
Cornified Structures
Baleen Plate
Toothless whales
horny sheets of oral
ectoderm
Not bone

Used for filter


feeding
Tori pads
Epidermal pads
Figure 8.26: Products of stratum corneum
Horns
Horns
In Bovine family
Outgrowth of
dermal core
Unbranched

Covered by
epidermal horny,
keratinized sheath
Permanent
Figure 8.27: Bovine horn.
Antlers
Antlers and horns
of girafe
Deer
Dermal bones

Dermal bone of

antler attaches to
skull bone
Shed annually Figure 8.28: Antler.

Outside layer is

highly vascularized
Figure 8.29: (a) horns and (b)
antlers.
Dermal Pigments
Chromatophores
contain pigment granules
Melanophores (brown)
Melanin granules
Lipophores (yellow and red)
Iridophores or guanophores (iridescent)
Contain reflective guanine crystals
Literature Cited
Figure 8.1- http://www.homestead.com/doctorderm/skinanatomy.html
Figure 8.2- http://www.allercafoundation.org/animal16.html
Figure 8.3 & 8.29- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy,
Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002.
Figure 8.4- http://markmlucas.com/Amphibgallery%20frogs.htm
Figure 8.5- http://www.exn.ca/Stories/1998/05/22/58.asp
Figure 8.6- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes1.htm
Figure 8.7- http://www.amonline.net.au/fishes/what/scales/
Figure 8.8, 8.12 & 8.26- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr.
Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 8.9- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes2.htm
Figure 8.10 & 8.11-
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/glands.html
Figure 8.13 (a)- http://www.invasiveplants.net/images/j2.jpg
Figure 8.13 (b)- http://www.batraciens-reptiles.com/page-
salamandres.htm
Figure 8.14- http://www.caudata.org/cc/articles/sexing.shtml#glossary
Figure 8.15-
http://pharma.kolon.co.kr:8080/test/newstopic/main_contents.jsp?
seq=241&no=583
Literature Cited
Figure 8.16 & 8.17-
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/glands.html
Figure 8.18- http://www.richard-seaman.com/Reptiles/Usa/PhotoGalleries/
Figure 8.19- http://science.howstufworks.com/alligator2.htm
Figure 8.20- http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/300.html
Figure 8.21 (a)- http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/snakes/sfacts.htm
Figure 8.21 (b)-
http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/05nekton/mtintro.htm
Figure 8.22- http://www.sdsnake.com/Rat.htm
Figure 8.23-
http://www2.worldbook.com/features/reptiles/html/body_senorg.html
Figure 8.24- http://www.zoo.ufl.edu/courses/vertzoo/lab_birds.html
Figure 8.25- http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/HarborSeal/hssenses.html
Figure 8.27-
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/mjguinan/apc100/modules/Integument/horn/horn1
/horn.html
Figure 8.28-
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/mjguinan/apc100/modules/Integument/horn/antler
1/antler.html

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