Explanation Slides Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis and Meiosis
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Mitosis
Meiosis
Meiotic non-disjunction
2009 NHS National Genetics Education and Development Genetics and Genomics for Healthcare
Centre www.geneticseducation.nhs.uk
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Cell division
Products genetically identical
Growth of organism
The stages of
mitosis
See next slides for
individual stages
Fig. 2.6 Scion Publishing Ltd
Meiosis
Function
Reduction division (23 chromosomes per gamete) reassortment of genes by:
crossing-over
independent segregation of chromosomes
Mechanism
Each homologue (e.g. chromosome 7) replicates to give two sister chromatids
Homologues pair (e.g. maternal chromosome 7 and paternal chromosome 7)
Exchange of material between non-sister chromatids: crossing-over,

recombination
Chiasmata (visible cytologically) are the physical manifestations of crossing-

over
A homologous pair of
parental chromosomes
(e.g. chromosome 7)
Gene re-
assortment by
crossing-over
In meiosis I each chromosome duplicates

producing two sister chromatids
Crossing-over
meiosis II
(Recombination)
The number of cell divisions required to produce a
human sperm
Each spermatogonium in the testis at
age 15 is the result of 30 previous cell
divisions
Every 16 days
from puberty
This spermatogonium
maintains the stock of
spermatogonia and
continues to divide
Four spermatozoa
At the age of 25:

310 cell divisions have
had to occur to produce a
particular sperm.
Four spermatozoa
The number of cell divisions required to produce a
human sperm
SG Each spermatogonium in testis at age 15 is result of 30 previous mitotic cell divisions
MITOSIS
4 spermatids 4 spermatozoa
primary secondary
spermatocy spermatocyte
te s
SC SC SC differentiatio
SG MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
n
(Every 16 days from

puberty)
SG
Pool of spermatogonia At the age of 25:

maintained and 310 cell divisions have had to
SG continues to divide occur to produce a particular
sperm.
The number of cell divisions required to produce a human egg cell
22 mitotic cell divisions by 5 months gestation to make a stock of

2,600,000 oocytes
Each month one is ovulated
MEIOSIS I completed at ovulation
Meiosis II completed at
fertilisation
Polar body
2nd polar body Zygote
Oocytes, time and the completion of meiosis
The stock of oocytes is ready by 5 months

gestation. Each remains in maturation arrest
at the crossing-over stage until ovulation
There may be a lengthy

Each month one is ovulated interval between onset
and completion of
meiosis (up to 50 years
later)
Accumulating effects on
the primary oocyte
Meiosis I not during this phase may
completed until damage the cells
Polar body ovulation spindle formation and
repair mechanisms
predisposing to non-
disjunction.
Meiosis II not completed until

fertilisation
2nd polar body Zygote
The stages of
meiosis.
Meiosis is used only for the
production of sperm and
eggs.
It consists of two
successive cell divisions,
producing four daughter
cells (although in
oogenesis only one of
these develops into a
mature oocyte; the others
form the polar bodies).
Meiosis has two main
functions: to reduce the
chromosome number in
the gamete to 23, and to
ensure that every gamete
is genetically unique.
Examples of
chromosomes during
meiosis.
(a)Two cells from a testicular
biopsy showing chromosomes
during prophase I of male meiosis.
Each of the 23 structures is a
bivalent, consisting of two
homologous chromosomes, each
having two chromatids. Note the
end-to-end pairing of the X and Y
chromosomes.
(b)A bivalent seen in meiosis in an
amphibian, which has large
chromosomes that make the four-
stranded structure clear.
The effects of
non-
disjunction in
meiosis.
The non-disjunction
involves only the
single pair of
chromosomes
(meiosis I) or the
single chromosome
(meiosis II) shown;
all the other
chromosomes (not
shown) disjoin and
segregate normally.
Possible ways the
chromosomes could
segregate in the first
meiotic division.
During prophase 1, matching
chromosome segments pair,
resulting in a cross-shaped
tetravalent containing the
normal and translocated
copies of chromosomes 1 and
22.
At anaphase 1 they pull apart,
and the diagram shows
various ways this could
happen.
The gamete that gave rise to
Baby Elliot is circled. Other
more complex segregation
patterns (3:1 segregation) are
also possible.
During meiosis I
matching
chromosome
segments pair. If one
chromosome has an
inversion compared to
its homolog, they
usually form a looped
structure.
MEIOSIS I Replicate DNA Normal meiosis
Reduction division
Results of crossing-
over not shown
MEIOSIS II
Normal monosomic gametes
Replicate DNA Nondisjunction
MEIOSIS I
during meiosis
I
Non-disjunction over not shown
MEIOSIS II
Disomic gametes Nullisomic gametes
Replicate DNA Nondisjunction
MEIOSIS I
during meiosis
II
over not shown
MEIOSIS II
Non-disjunction
Disomic Nullisomic Monosomic Monosomic gametes

Parental origin of meiotic error
leading to aneuploidy
New mutations: increase with paternal
age
Higher mutation rates in males are likely to be related to the greater

number of germ cell divisions
Meiosis
Animation from Tokyo Medical University

Genetics Study Group Hironao NUMABE, M.D
Non-disjunction in meiosis I resulting in
trisomy 21 Down syndrome
Animation from Tokyo Medical University

Genetics Study Group Hironao NUMABE, M.D
Somatic mosaicism (eg trisomy 21) as a
result of mitotic non-disjunction
Mitosis
Non-disjunction
Normal disomy Normal disomy Trisomy Monosomy (lethal to cell)
Meiotic
Non-disjunction
(Trisomy 21:
75% meiosis 1)
Trisomy Monosomy
(lethal)

Explanation Slides Mitosis and Meiosis

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Mitosis and Meiosis

This presentation contains diagrams of:

Fig. 2.6 Scion Publishing Ltd

Homologues pair (e.g. maternal chromosome 7 and paternal chromosome 7)

Exchange of material between non-sister chromatids: crossing-over,

Chiasmata (visible cytologically) are the physical manifestations of crossing-

In meiosis I each chromosome duplicates

At the age of 25:

(Every 16 days from

Pool of spermatogonia At the age of 25:

22 mitotic cell divisions by 5 months gestation to make a stock of

Each month one is ovulated

MEIOSIS I completed at ovulation

2nd polar body Zygote

The stock of oocytes is ready by 5 months

There may be a lengthy

Meiosis II not completed until

Fig. 2.7 Scion Publishing Ltd

Fig. 2.8 Scion Publishing Ltd

Fig. 2.12 Scion Publishing Ltd

Fig. 2.21 Scion Publishing Ltd

Normal monosomic gametes

Disomic gametes Nullisomic gametes

Disomic Nullisomic Monosomic Monosomic gametes

Higher mutation rates in males are likely to be related to the greater

Animation from Tokyo Medical University

Animation from Tokyo Medical University

Normal disomy Normal disomy Trisomy Monosomy (lethal to cell)

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