Optical Fiber Splicing and Testing NTC

Optical Fiber Splicing And Testing
PTCL Training & Development

Objectives
After completion of this course, participants will be
able to understand:
Optical fiber construction
Modes of propagation and total internal reflection
limitations of traditional copper based access
network can be overcome using optical fiber
Overview of Optical Fiber Communication System.
Laying procedures of optical fiber
Overview of testing and maintenance of optical fiber
2 PTCL Training & Development

Contents
1. Overview of optical fiber
2. Optical fiber transmission principle
3. Laws of reflection, refraction and total internal reflection
4. Features of optical fiber
5. Color scheme of optical fiber
6. Jointing of optical fiber
7. Optical fiber laying procedures
8. Testing of optical fiber

Overview of Optical Fiber

History of Optical Communication
Hand signals, Flags and Smoke Signals

Light Transmission through bent water jet
1000 Nature of light was defined and laws of reflection given
1880 Photo Phone by A.G. Bell
1962 Laser diode
1966 Idea of optical fiber for communication by Kao & Hock ham
1970 Chemical vapor deposition(VCD) < 20 db/ Km by Corning
1973 MCVD <1 db/Km by Bell Systems

History of Optical Communication
1977 VAD < 0.4 db/Km @ 1300 nm by NTT & SEI

1980 Introduction of actual optical technology
1986 < 0.2 db/Km @ 1550 nm
1987 Photonic regenerators introduced
1988 by British Telecom.
1990 O.F used in the long distance network

Construction of single Fiber
Core
Cladding
Jacket

Types of Optical Fiber on profile
Types with respect to Modes:
Single Mode Fiber
Multimode Fiber
Types with respect to Index Profile:

Step Index
Graded Index

STRUCTURE OF 18 FIBER OLEX CABLE
There are 12 parts from outer to inner of cable.
Polyethylene sheath, steel armoring wire.

Polyethylene sheath, ethylene acrylic copolymer
bedding, corrugated zetabon, 5262 steel tape armor,
ethylene acrylic copolymer bedding, polyethylene
sheath, polyester tape, polyethylene slotted core, 18
single mode UV acryl ate coated fibers, moisture
resistance jelly and FRP

Nature of Light and Laser
Nature of Light
Short Wave
White Light
Coherent Light (Waves)
In-Coherent Light (Waves)
Laser
Stimulated Emission
Maximum Acceptance Angle on Optical Fiber

Frequency Spectrum
Radio Waves
Micro Waves
Infrared (Wave length > 0.7 micro meter)
Visible (0.4 (blue) to 0.7(red) micro meter)
Ultra Violet (< 0.4 micro meter)
Optical frequencies for Optical Fiber Transmission

Fiber Optic Principles
Optical fiber is basically a glass waveguide.
Different wavelengths of light are directed through the

fiber core by refraction & reflection.
Different wavelengths relate to different colors.

Wavelength
Invisible = Infrared (high band)

Visible = 400 - 750 nm
Invisible = Ultra-violet (low-band)
850 nm and 1300 nm / Multi-mode LED
1310 nm and 1550 nm / Single-mode LED

Continuous Refraction
(Continued)
Very complex core structure

High refractive index (n1) at the center
decreases gradually to a lower refractive
index (n2) at the circumference.

(Continued)
In step index fiber, the index profile for a

constant index fiber displays a sharp step at
the fibers perimeter.
The variable index fiber shows an index

profile that has its highest value in the center
and slops away gradually. This is referred to as
a graded-index fiber.

(Continued)
STEP INDEX FIBER GRADED INDEX FIBER
A B
n1
n2
A comparison of index profiles for step-index and graded-index fibers.

Contents

Optical fiber transmission principle

Optical Fiber Transmission
System
Optical Transmitter:
Produces and encodes the light signal.
Optical Amplifier:
May be necessary to boost the light signal (for long
distance)
Optical Receiver:
Receives and decodes the light signal
Optical Fiber:
Conducts the light signal over a distance

Optical Transmitter
Function:
Electrical to optical converter
Types:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Laser Diode (LD)
Comparison: Item LED LD

Data rate Low High
Mode Multimode Multimode/Single
mode
Distance short long
Temp minor substantial
sensitivity
cost low expensive

Fiber to the x (FTTX)
The four technologies, in order of an increasingly

longer fiber loop are as
Fiber to the node / neighborhood (FTTN) / Fiber to
the cabinet (FTT Cab)
Fiber to the curb (FTTC)
Fiber to the building (FTTB)
Fiber to the home (FTTH)

Optical Devices
Optical Source
LD
LED
Optical Detectors
PIN Photo Diodes
Avalanche Photo Diode

Transmission Fundamentals
Some basic concepts in Transmission are:
Modulation
Demodulation
Line coding
Error control
Multiplexing
De-multiplexing

TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OFC
Normalized Frequency
Windows of Optical Fiber.
Bandwidth
Coupling Efficiency

Attenuation Vs. Wavelength

Optical Telecom.Bands
Optical telecommunication in the near & short infrared is
technically often separated are
O-band 1,2601,360 nm ---------- Original

E-band 1,3601,460 nm ---------- Extended
S-band 1,4601,530 nm------------- Short wavelength
C-band 1,5301,565 nm----------- Conventional
L-band 1,5651,625 nm------------ Long Wavelength
U-band 1,6251,675 nm-----------Ultra long wave length

Basic Building Block of Optical
Fiber System

OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
An ordinary telephone link is a good way to illustrate a simple optical

communication system. Sound waves entering a telephone.
Microphone are converted into electrical signals. These signals
pass through an encoder who converts them into electrical
pulses. After converting to digital signals which switch a laser on
and off interpreting a light beam being sent into the end of the
fiber.
The light thus travels in a series of pulses (not like MORSE code),
which race along the glass fiber core. At the end of their journey,
these light pulses are picked up by a photo detector, which
converts them back to electrical pulses. These in turn are fed
into a decoder for translation into an electrical signal, which
vibrates a diaphragm in the receiver, reproducing the sound of
the voice.

Different Transmission Media
Twisted Pair Cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Un-Shielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Co-axial Cable
Advantage of Co-axial Cable Over Twisted Pair
Advantage of Optical Fiber Over Co-axial Cable &
Twisted Pair

Fiber vs Copper
Glass Copper
Uses light Uses electricity
Transparent Opaque
Dielectric material-nonconductive Electrically conductive material
EMI immune Susceptible to EMI
Low thermal expansion High thermal expansion
Brittle, rigid material Ductile material
Chemically stable Subject to corrosion and galvanic
reactions
Fortunately, its recyclable

Contents

Laws of reflection, refraction
and total internal reflection

Law of Reflection
This law states that when a ray of

light is reflected from a surface, the angle
of reflection is equal to the angle of
incidence.

OF TRANSMISION PRINCIPLE
Reflection of light
Refraction of light
Critical Angle
Total Internal Reflection

Law of Reflection
Normal Normal
i1 r
1
i2 r2
i= r
1 1 i= r
2 2

Angle of Incidence
A B
Glass Glass
Air Air
Angle of Refraction
Critical Angle Angle of Incidence= Angle of Reflectio
Glass Glass
C Air 90 0 Air D
The critical angle of incidence.

Refraction
n 1
n 2> n n 2
1

Refraction of a light ray passing through an optically denser medium .

Propagation Principal
Total internal reflection confines

light within optical fibers (similar to
looking down a mirror made in the
shape of a long paper towel tube).
Because the cladding has a lower
refractive index, light rays reflect
back into the core if they
encounter the cladding at a
shallow angle (red lines). A ray
that exceeds a certain "critical"
angle escapes from the fiber
(yellow line).

Light Propagation in Optical Fiber
Propagation of light in an optical fiber

totally confined within the fiber.
The above object can be obtained in two

different ways

Most widely used method for the propagation of

light through optical fiber is the total
internal reflection.
The amount and direction of deflection is

determined by the amount of difference in
refractive indices as well as the angle at which
the rays strike the boundary.

Index of Refraction
It is equal to the sine of the angle of incidence

divided by the sine of the angle of refraction.
Index of refraction (n) = sin i

sin r

(Continued)
For incidence angles equal to or greater than

the critical angle, the glass air boundary will
act as a mirror and no light escape from the
glass.
Example:
Sin c n2 (Air) 1
=n (Glass) = 1.5
Sin 90 1
Sin c = 0.6667 c = 41.8 0

(Continued)
Out Going Ra
Incoming Ray
Light propagation within a flexible glass fiber.

Index of Refraction
It is the ratio of the speed of light through a medium to

the speed of light through vacuum.
Index of refraction (n) = V c

Vg

Refractive Indices
MATERIAL INDEX OF REFRACTION
VACCUM 1.0000
AIR 1.0003
MERCURY VAPOUR 1.0009
WATER 1.3
GLASS 1.6
DIAMOND 2.4
Selected indices of refraction

Contents

Features of optical fiber

FEATURES OF OPTIC FIBER
High Quality Transmission

High Capacity
Immune to Electro-magnetic Interference
Low Transmission Loss
Cost Effective
Immune to Atmospheric Changes
Free of Noise and Cross Talk

Low Attenuation
Long Repeater Spacing
Noise Immunity
Small size and Light weight
Security of service

Signal Attenuation
Bandwidth
Coupling Efficiency
The transmission capacity
The repeater spacing

DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
Small bending causes radiation loss

Optical Fiber Cable fault location is difficult as
compare to copper cable
Optical Fiber connections need to align the fiber
core with fine precision
A very small flaw (hole) at the fiber surface weaken
the strength of fiber
Optical Fiber is very Fragile

How fiber optics in Access help
PROVIDES:
High bandwidth architecture by bringing fiber into the
access network
Cost effective bandwidth
Noise isolation
Security
Reliability
Reduce OPEX and CAPEX
Small physical presence
Active network

FITL Fiber in The Loop

Optical Access Solutions
(a) P2P network
CO
L km
Curb switch
(b) Curb switching

network N subscribers
CO L km
Passive
optical
splitter
(c) PON network

L N subscribers
km
CO

Architecture of Optical Access Network
CO Customer
Premise
3.5-5km
xDSL 2~20Mbps Remote Business
BA DSLAM
ODN Curb
m
250-700
overage
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
Urban C
FTTC OLT
MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
FTTB OLT
ONU
Optical Networks Unit
FTTH OLT
ONT
Optical Line Termination Optical Networks Termination

Contents

Color scheme of optical fiber

COLOR SCHEME OF OLEX CABLE
There are six slots

Slot no. one between two red lines
Slot no. three has single red line
There are four fibers in each slot except slot no.
three and six
There are two fibers in slot no. three and slot no. six
is empty.
The color of fibers are white, blue, orange and green

Color scheme of 24 fibers loose
tubes
There are six tubes
The color of tubes are blue, orange. Green and
remaining are white/yellow
Each tube has 4 fibers
The color of fibers are blue, orange, green and
brown

tubes
There are six tubes
The color of tubes are blue, orange. Green, brown, slate
and white
The color of fibers are blue, orange, green Brown,
Slate, white, Red and black

tubes
There are eight tubes
The color of tubes are blue, orange. Green,
brown, slate, white, Red and Black
The color of fibers are blue, orange, green,
Brown, Slate, white, Red, black, yellow, violet, Pink
and Aqua.
The last four color may be Yellow, Gray, Violet
and Aqua

Contents
6. Jointing of optical fiber and safety precautions

Jointing of optical fiber and safety precautions

JOINTING OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
Cable preparation
End cap preparation
Fusion splice
Joint enclosure
Connectors

TYPES OF SPLICING
Fusion splicing of Optical Fiber

Mechanical Splicing of Optical Fiber
V-block Splice
Precision drilled tubes
Three rods splice
Fiber ribbon splice
The AT&T CSL Light Splice
Semi permanent splice
Connectors
Pig tail
Patch cord

SPLICING TOOLS
Name of various splicing tools and their uses
Stripper is used to remove plastic jacket from
fiber
Cleaver is used for cutting the fiber
Container is used for cable off-cuts
Garret is used for circumferential cutting of
sheath
Measuring tape is used to measure the length of
cable
No nick tripper is used to remove the plastic
from the pig tail.

SPLICING TOOLS
Hacksaw is used to cut steel wire armoring

Somi off-cut is used to cut pig tail fiber
Acetone is used to clean the fiber
Pocket knife is used for miscellaneous used

Safety Precautions
Hazard with LASER.
Dont use viewing aids when fiber is connected with

Optical source.
Take notice of LASER warning sings.
Use glasses during treatment with LASER

Safety Precautions
Handling with Bare Fiber:
Never touch the end of Bared fiber

Proper dispose of fiber off-cuts.
Always wash your hands thoroughly after handling
with fiber.
Dont eat, drink and smoke near OF work station

Safety Precautions
Hazard with Chemicals:
All cleaning chemical are highly flammable and

should not be used near heat and open flame

LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER
Material Loss:
Atomic Defects in Glass composition
Impurities of metal ions
Electronic absorption bands in the ultra-violet region
Atomic vibration bands in the near infrared region
Intrinsic absorption

SCATTERING IN OPTICAL FIBER
Microscopic variation in the material density

Material defects occurring during fiber manufacture
Rayleigh Scattering decreases dramatically with the
increase of wave length
Radiation losses

DISPERSION
Inter Modal Dispersion

Intra Modal Dispersion
Material Dispersion
Wave Guide Dispersion

Line Section Design & Power
Budget
Transmitter signal power.
Receiver sensitivity.
Operation margin are subtracted from actual power
Optical connecter losses.
Jointing losses.
Cable operating margin.
Cable attenuation per Kilometer.

NUMERICAL APERTURE AND
ACCEPTANCE ANGLE
The relationship between the acceptance angle and
the refractive indices of three media involved core,
cladding and air called Numerical Aperture.
NA =nosin Qa
The angle measure at the fiber end face for witch
max optical energy is confined with in the fiber core
is called acceptance angle

Contents

Optical Fiber Laying
Procedures

Optical Fiber Laying Procedures
Laying means installation on supervision basis for
successful project completion.
Cable ends should be sealed.
Exposed cables should be protect from public traffic.
Cable should not be more pull by the manufacturer
recommendation.
Cable bend should not be reduced from the
manufacturer recommendation.
The minimum bend formula r = 20*diameter of OFC.
Loading, unloading and moving of OFC shall be
properly.
Cable drum shall always be carry on their flanges.
Use of nails shall be avoided on drums of cable
because of varying flange thickness.
Preparation for Excavation of
trench
Strictly follow the route plane.
Local authority shall be informed.
All the required materials shall be on site.
Diversion of traffic shall be organized where
necessary.
A line shall be marked on the ground with a string or
marking compound.
The trench shall be in-side from the extreme edge of
right of way (row).

Excavation of trench in normal
soil
In normal soil, the trench shall be Excavated to a
depth of 1.5 meter.
The width of trench shall be 40 cm at the top and 35-
40 cm at the bed.
The depth reference for the trench shall be taken
from the road surface,
The bed of sand 10 cm deep shall be laid along the
bottom of the trench and above the cable.
Bricks shall be placed on the cable with no space
between the bricks.
Double layer of bricks shall be used in less
populated rural areas.
The optical fiber warning tape is used at 75 cm from
bottom of the trench and then back filling with same
material.
Excavation of trench in Sandy
area
The trench depth and width should be same as for
normal size.
If the bottom of the trench is hard, sand be 10 cm
thick above and below the cable shall be provided.
The single layer brick protection shall be provided.
If the trench bed is already contain soft sand bed
then additional sand bed of 10 cm above and below
the cable not needed.

Excavation of trench in water log
area
Trench specification same as for normal soil.

Water deposited shall be removed with pump before
preparation of trench.
The sand bed of 10 cm thick shall be provided along
the bottom above and below.
The back filling of the trench should be immediately.

Laying in standing water area
If the height of water is one meter or above other

than seasonal water.
The cable shall be laid directly on the surface of the
earth.
The cable should cover with grouted back (dry) with
cement sand ratio 1:8.
The size of bags (100*50*20 cm) shall be placed
longitudinally on cable.

Excavation of trench in Rocky soil
The trench depth shall be 110 cm.

The top width 40 cm and bed 35-40 cm.
All the sharp edges of rock should be removed.
The sand cushion 20 cm thick above and below the
cable shall be provided.
The small pebbles shall be dropped first in the
trench gently till the level of warning tape.
The optical fiber warning tape is used at 50 cm
from bottom of the trench and then back filling with
same material

River Crossing
When the trench cross a river where small

quantity of water flows then the river shall be
crossed through bore using GI-pipe sub
ducted with PVC pipe and slab shall be
used.

Rain Washable Areas
The depth of the trench shall be as per

specification but instead of using bricks, the
sand bed above the cable shall be covered
with 15cm thick concrete. Under no
circumstances the cable shall be directly
concreted.

Slope Crossing
When slope to be passed down, the cable shall be

laid in GI/PVC pipe.
The trench depth shall be one meter at the base of
the slope and 50cm at the top.
Concrete step wall having 1m Length, 0.5m Height
and 0.15m Thickness shall be constructed after
every 2 meters across the trench.
The wall shall be constructed from the level of pipe
in trench.

Laying of cable in a Trench
The handling of Fiber cable is critical and care shall

be taken.
Cable shall be laid in a straight line along the bottom
and center of the trench.
Cable shall be carefully rolled off the drum
preventing sharp bends and kinks.
It is necessary to remove the cable from the drum
and store in the shape of EIGHT (8) when the cable
is to pass through a pipe.

Contents

Testing of optical fiber

OTDR
Provides loss versus distance
Identifies losses against events
Identifies reflective events
Can locate a break point

Working of OTDR
The aim of OTDR is to detect, locate and

measure events at any location in the
fiber optic link.
An OTDR can test a fiber from only one end,
that is it operates as a one dimensional Radar
System
The OTDR measures the time difference
between the outgoing pulse and the incoming
backscattered pulses and hence the word Time
Domain

Working Principle
There are two main sources of returned light on an
optical fiber link:
Backscatter
Reflection
OTDR
pulse

Backscatter
Rayleigh scattering occurs continuously along
optical fiber (at very small power levels) as the
result of microscopic fluctuations of the fibers
index of refraction. Scattered photons that are
recaptured by the fiber and travel back toward
the OTDR constitute backscatter.
OTDR
Fiber Fiber
pulse
Connection Fusion End of Fiber

splice

Reflection
Fresnel (fra-nel) reflections are caused by major changes
in group index of refraction that occur at reflective events
on fiber links such as connections, mechanical splices, and
the end of the fiber. Fusion splices generally cause such
little change in group index of refraction that they are
considered non-reflective events.
OTDR
Fiber Fiber
pulse
Connection Fusion splice End of Fiber

OTDR operates more like radar:
It generates high-power pulses of light,

samples the returned light over time.
OTDR
Fiber
OTDR converts sample times into distances

(Distance = Speed x Time).

How OTDR works
An OTDR sends out a pulse and measures the time the
emitted pulse takes to return, and calculates the distance
(L) using the following formula.
Since OTDR sample times represent round-trip times:
L = [Sample Time/2] x [Speed of Light in Fiber]

L = [T i / 2] x [c / n]
Where:
c = speed of light in a vacuum (3x108m/s)
n = Index of refraction for the
fiber under test

How OTDR works
For example,
T = 10 ns and assuming n = 1.5
L = [T i / 2] x [c / n]
= (10 x 10 9)/2 x (3 x 10 8)/1.5
= (5 x 10 9) x (2 x 108)
= 1 meter
The reason why the distance is divided by 2 is to
measure the time taken by the pulse to travel down
and back through the optical fiber. Measured distance
is not accurate unless the given group index is
accurate.

OTDR Basic Function
OTDR Basic Function
LCD Display
Control Unit
Splitter
Laser Transmitter
Fiber under Test
Detector
OTDR
Connector

Typical OTDR Trace

OTDR Trace Analysis
Physical cable plant

as displayed on
OTDR screen
Network under test

OTDR TRACE ANALYSES
Most commonly, users manipulate two cursors, "A" and "B", to Illustrate
what is referred to as "two point loss" on an OTDR result. These cursors
can be individually moved left and right to Specific points on the result.
A B

OTDR Trace Analysis
Loss
A B
Distance Scale

Observations & Conclusion

Reading
Reading
Readingan
anOTDR
OTDR Trace
Trace Trace
an OTDR
Launch Horizontal Backbone Receive Link

Cable Segment Segment Cable
OTDR being
Splice tested
Patch Cord
A (1) Connection B
0 (Loss 0.4 dB)
Relative
Power
(dB) -1
(2) Connections
(Loss 0.8 dB)
-2 OTDR
screen
-3 Trace
Backbone
Segment
-4
0 50 100 150 200 250

Distance (m)
OTDR Specifications
Range
Dead Zone
Wavelength

Range
Dynamic Range of an OTDR is the difference
between the initial backscatter level and the noise floor.
It can either be specified to noise (peak) or noise (rms).
Measurement Range of an OTDR is the difference

between the initial backscatter level and the level at
which a fusion splice loss (nominally 0.5 dB) can
accurately be measured.

Dynamic and Measurement Range
Initial backscatter at OTDR

connector
measurement
Attenuatio range
n (dB)
d dynamic
B range dynamic
(peak) range
(rms)
0.5 dB
splice
Distance (Km)

Range
Too short: less than link Good: about 1.5x Too long: much larger
length to 2x link length than link length
Link Link Link
Cant see entire link Good trace can see Trace is squashed into left
unpredictable results end of fiber. side of display.

Dead Zone
Attenuation Dead zone:

Distance width at points where the optical connectors
return loss is 45dB or higher and the back scatter level
is within 0.5dB of the normal level.

Dead Zone
Event Dead zone
Distance width between the event peak point, where
the return loss is 40dB or higher and the point where
the level is 1.5 dB smaller than the event peak point.

Event and Attenuation Dead Zones
1.5 dB
Idealized trace of a
reflective event at
the shortest pulse
width, PMIN.
Real OTDR
trace.
0.5 dB
PMIN
Event Dead Zone

Attenuation Dead Zone

Wavelength
OTDR measures according to wavelength.

A fiber must be tested with same wavelength as that
used for transmission.
The major wavelengths are: 850nm, 1310nm and
1550nm. A fourth wavelength is now appearing for
monitoring live systems which is 1625nm.
For a given dynamic range 1550nm will see more
distance than 1310nm

Acquisition Parameters
Injection Level
Pulse Width
Averaging Time

Injection Level
Injection level is defined an the power injected into the

fiber under test, the higher this level the higher the power
level.
The presence of dirt on connector faces and damaged or
low quality pig tails or patch cords are the primary cause
of low injection levels

Pulse Width
Narrow pulses are best for resolving close events but
are limited to short links. Wide pulses are good
for measuring long links.
A pulse width corresponds to a distance according to
the equation:
L=CT/(2n) [m]
C: Speed of light traveling in the vacuum (3x108m/s)
T: Time it takes for the pulsed to be received after it is
emitted
n: Group index (typically 1.48 for SM fiber)

Pulse Width
Examples:
Pulse width: 20 nsec

L = [3 x 108* 20 x 109]/ (2 * 1.48)
= 6/2.96 = ~2 m
L = [3 x 108* 50 x 109]/ (2 * 1.48)
= 15/2.96 = ~5 m
L = [3 x 108* 200 x 109]/ (2 * 1.48)
= 60/2.96 = ~20 m

Pulse Width
20 ns pulse 50 ns pulse
200 ns pulse

Pulse Width
Too narrow: About right: Too wide:
Link Link Link
Where is this
this event?
disappears Events can be seen Cant resolve events

and trace is smooth

Averaging Time
Averaging time refers to how long the user allows the

device to take samples. The longer the testing/averaging
time allowed, the better the result. Eventually, enough
data is averaged for a good test and continuing to test
wont yield any more of an accurate result.

Averaging Time
Too few: About right: Too many:
Link Link Link
Trace is noisy Trace is smooth but

noise floor is too high. Trace is smooth. waste of time.

Thank You
Thank
You

Optical Fiber Splicing and Testing NTC

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Optical Fiber Splicing And Testing

PTCL Training & Development

2 PTCL Training & Development

3 PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

Hand signals, Flags and Smoke Signals

PTCL Training & Development

1977 VAD < 0.4 db/Km @ 1300 nm by NTT & SEI

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

Types with respect to Index Profile:

PTCL Training & Development

There are 12 parts from outer to inner of cable.

Polyethylene sheath, steel armoring wire.

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

Optical fiber is basically a glass waveguide.

Different wavelengths of light are directed through the

12 PTCL Training & Development

Invisible = Infrared (high band)

13 PTCL Training & Development

Very complex core structure

14 PTCL Training & Development

In step index fiber, the index profile for a

The variable index fiber shows an index

15 PTCL Training & Development

STEP INDEX FIBER GRADED INDEX FIBER

A comparison of index profiles for step-index and graded-index fibers.

17 PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

Comparison: Item LED LD

PTCL Training & Development

The four technologies, in order of an increasingly

Fiber to the curb (FTTC)

Fiber to the building (FTTB)

Fiber to the home (FTTH)

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

Some basic concepts in Transmission are:

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

O-band 1,2601,360 nm ---------- Original

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

An ordinary telephone link is a good way to illustrate a simple optical

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

31 PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

This law states that when a ray of

33 PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

35 PTCL Training & Development

Critical Angle Angle of Incidence= Angle of Reflectio

The critical angle of incidence.

36 PTCL Training & Development

Refraction of a light ray passing through an optically denser medium .

37 PTCL Training & Development

Total internal reflection confines

PTCL Training & Development