Dyspnea

Increased Impaired
respiratory ventilatory
drive mechanics

Airflow
Cardiac Pulmonary Blood Others
obstruction

Decreased
Stimulation of Decreased O2 Stimulation of
Congestive release of Environmental Muscle
pulmonary carrying chemorecepto
heart failure oxygen to hypoxia weakness
receptors capacity rs
tissues

Decreased
Decreased Interstitial
Hypoxemia Pregnancy chest wall
cardiac output lung disease
compliance

Pleural
effusion Behavioral
Hypercapnia
(compressive factors
atelectasis)

Pulmonary Acidemia &

vascular metabolic
disease acidosis

Impaired gas
exchange

Conditions
leading to
increased
dead space