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ORGANIZATIONS IN

ARCHITECTURE
JUBILADO, PETE JOSHUA
LOZANO, AINA XAIDINE
MANGALINDAN, JASAN ROBEY
EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTUR
E
(4000-2280
B.C.)
1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(4000-2280 B.C.)
Influence from Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome

CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN RELIGIOUS RITES


AND ARCHITECTURE
everywhere manifested

Egyptian architecture has persistently


maintained its traditions.
1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(4000-2280 B.C.)
EGYPTIAN MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE
-columnar and trabeated style (having horizontal
beams and lintels rather than arches)
-expressed mainly in pyramids and temples
1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(4000-2280 B.C.)
SPHINX
-mythical monster
-body of a lion and a head
of a man, hawk, ram or
woman

PYLON
-Greek term for a
monumental gateway of an Egyptian
temple consists of 2 tapering
towers
1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(4000-2280 B.C.)
BUILDINGS
were intended to last eternally

PURPOSE OF THE PYRAMIDS


preserve the mummy of the Pharaoh for the
return of the soul
to be the center of the cult of the royal dead

PYRAMIDS
- testified the Pharaohs power
1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(4000-2280 B.C.)
The same desire to build for eternity was
evident in the tombs of the nobles called
MASTABAS.
EXAMPLES OF
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Great Sphinx o
f Giza

ut s Temple
Hatsheps
EXAMPLES OF
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Great Pyramids
of Giza

rus
Temple of Ho
EXAMPLES OF
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Karnak Temple
MESOPOTAMIAN
ARCHITECTURE
(6TH CENTURY
B.C.)
2. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
(6TH CENTURY B.C.)

evident in its palaces and temples

ZIGGURAT
-tower built at successive levels, with ramps
leading from one platform to the next
2. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
(6TH CENTURY B.C.)

Ziggurats have the form of a terraced step


pyramid of successively receding stories or
levels.

It is like a modern building with setbacks.

The ziggurat in Mesopotamia pointed north,


south, east and west.

The vertical walls of each story of the ziggurat


were closed.
2. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
(6TH CENTURY B.C.)

TEMPLE OF BABYLON
built by Nebuchadnezzar
Stones were colored white, black, blue,
yellow, silver and gold.
EXAMPLES OF
MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE

City state of Ur

Ziggurat of Ur
EXAMPLES OF
MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE

Hanging Gardens of Babylon


EXAMPLES OF
MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
Why was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon built?

Gift for A Homesick Wife


Accounts indicate that the garden was built by King Nebuchadnezzar, who
ruled the city for 43 years starting in 605 BC.
According to accounts, the gardens were built to cheer up Nebuchadnezzar's
homesick wife, Amyitis. Amyitis, daughter of the king of the Medes, was
married to Nebuchadnezzar to create an alliance between the two nations.
The land she came from, though, was green, rugged and mountainous, and
she found the flat, sun-baked terrain of Mesopotamia depressing. The king
decided to relieve her depression by recreating her homeland through the
building of an artificial mountain with rooftop gardens.
The Hanging Gardens probably did not really "hang" in the sense of being
suspended from cables or ropes. The name comes from an inexact translation
of the Greek wordkremastos,or the Latin wordpensilis, which means not just
"hanging", but "overhanging" as in the case of a terrace or balcony.
EXAMPLES OF
MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE

TOWER OF
BABEL
- Rising above
the city was
the famous
Tower of Babel,
Tower of
a temple to the
Babel
god Marduk,
that seemed to
reach to the
heavens
EXAMPLES OF
MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
TOWER OF BABEL
The story behind its construction
Conceit of the People
After the Flood, man had again begun to multiply and fill the earth. They all spoke one
language and understood one another well. The generations of people before the Flood
had been interested only in themselves; they thought of themselves as supermen and
lived each one for himself alone. The people became proud and that caused them to turn
away from God.
They decided to build a tower which was to reach to heaven, to make them equal to God,
and at the same time, to make it possible for them to stay together. This symbol of their
divine strength, as they thought, was to be built in the valley of the Land of Shinear.
Their Punishment
God decided to destroy their arrogance by destroying their ability to understand one
another. He, therefore, confused the people by splitting them up into seventy different
nations and tribes, each with a language of its own, (hence the name Babel, meaning
confusion).
When this happened, the project of the Tower had to be given up. The various groups
migrated in different directions and settled in all parts of the world. The Tower itself was
partly burned and partly swallowed by the earth.
GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100
B.C.)
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
Greek architecture in its most
characteristic form is found in its
temple.

GREEK TEMPLES
- A low building of post-and-lintel
construction
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
lintel

POST-AND-LINTEL TYPE
posts -simplest and the earliest type
of construction
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)

Ruins of the
temple of
Apollo at old
Corinth used
post-and-
lintel type of
construction
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)

3 TYPES OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE:


1. DORIC
2. IONIC
3. CORINTHIAN
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
DORIC
-Has no base
-Bottom of
the column
rests on top
step
-Frieze is
divided into
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
TRIGLYPHS
-an architectural term for the vertically
channeled tablets of the Doric frieze, so
called because of the angular channels in
them, 2 perfect and 1 divided.

METOPES
-a rectangular architectural element that fills
the space between two triglyphs in a Doric
frieze
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
Parthenon

Temple of Apollo
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
IONIC
-Taller and
slender than
Doric
-Has a base
and the
capital is
ornamented
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)

Temple of Artemis
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)
CORINTHIAN
-Base and shaft
resembling the
Ionic, tended to
become much
more slender
-Capital is much
deeper than the
Ionic
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(1100-100 B.C.)

Temple of Olympian
Zeus
EXAMPLES OF
GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Acropolis of Athens
ROMAN
ARCHITECTUR
E
(1000 B.C.E
4. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
(1000 B.C.E.-C.E.,4000)
The Romans adopted the columnar and
trabeated style of the Greeks and developed
the arch and vault from the beginnings made
by the Etruscans.

ROMAN STYLE:
-consists of
1.Column
2. Beam
3. Arch
4. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
(1000 B.C.E.-C.E.,4000)
4. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
(1000 B.C.E.-C.E.,4000)
FLAT ROUND DOME
-another characteristic of
Roman architecture
-this covers an entire
building
EXAMPLES OF
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Pantheon at Rome
5. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
(AD 200-1453)
Characterized by a great central dome

Another characteristic of Byzantine Churches


was that the forms of the vaults were
externally undisguised by any timbered roof

Exterior closely corresponds with the interior


EXAMPLES OF
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Monastery of Hosios Loukas


EXAMPLES OF
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Hagia Sophia
EXAMPLES OF
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Hagia Irene
EXAMPLES OF
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Basilica di Sant Apollinare Nuovo


6. WESTERN ARCHITECTURE
(AD 400-1500)
Passed through three stages of development:
a. Early Christian
b. Romanesque
c. Gothic

Follows the general type of Roman Basilica

Roman Basilica a long rectangular building divided


by pillars into a central nave and aisles

Nave is the central approach to the high altar, the


main body of the church
6. WESTERN ARCHITECTURE
(AD 400-1500)
Sometimes there is one aisle on each side of the nave,
sometimes there are two.

Often, the nave is higher than the aisle. This gives


opportunity to clerestory lighting.

Clerestory is an architectural term that historically


denoted an upper level of a Roman Basilica or of the nave
of a Romanesque, or Gothic church, the walls of which rise
above the rooflines of the lower aisle and are pierced with
windows. In modern usage, clerestory refers to any high
windows above eye level. In either case, the purpose is to
bring outside light, fresh air, or both into the inner space.
EXAMPLES OF
WESTERN ARCHITECTURE

Examples of Roman Basilica


Roman Basilica of Sta. Sabina (left) St. Peters Basilica (right)
EXAMPLES OF
WESTERN ARCHITECTURE

Fan Vaulting at the Bath Abbey and clerestory windows


EXAMPLES OF
WESTERN ARCHITECTURE

The walls of the clerestory of the Basilica Style


Monreale Cathedral are covered with mosaic
7.EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(AD 400-700)
In classic temples, the emphasis lay on the
exterior.
In Christian churches, the emphasis lay on
the inside.
Interiors of early Christian churches were
often decorated with mosaics

Central type a form of building that is


designed around a central vertical axis instead
of longitudinal
EXAMPLES OF
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Basilica de Sta. Sabina


8. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
(11TH AND 12TH CENTURIES)
An extension and development of the Early
Christian Architecture
Characterized by heavy walls with small
window openings and a heavy stone arched
or vaulted roof inside
In a Romanesque Cathedral, several small
windows were combined in a compound arch
In a Romanesque church, the faade has
sometimes one doorway, sometimes three
EXAMPLE OF
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

Maria Laach Abbey, Germany


EXAMPLE OF
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

Tum Collegiate Church, Poland


EXAMPLE OF
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

Lessay Abbey, France


9. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
(12TH TO 16TH CENTURY)
The arches appeared only as stone treachery.
Eventually windows become so large that the walls
ceased to have any function as walls; the roof was
supported by huge buttresses and the entire wall
space was filled with stained-glass windows. The
triforium space was regularly filled with small
arches, and the rose window became large and
important. The doorways became spacious.
Gothic faade regularly has three doorways
Human figure became the characteristic
decoration
Known primarily for its churches and Cathedrals
EXAMPLES OF
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

St. Stephens Cathedral, Vienna, Austria


EXAMPLES OF
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

St. Peters Church, Leuven, Belgium


EXAMPLES OF
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France


10. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
(15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES)
The cathedral or temple is no longer the typical
building
Secular architecture comes to fore, as in Roman times
Free use of materials found in classic architecture
Places emphasis onsymmetry, proportion, geometry
and the regularity of parts
Orderly arrangements ofcolumns, pilasters, and
lintels
Use of semicircular arches,
hemisphericaldomes,nichesandaedicules replaced
the more complex proportional systems and irregular
profiles ofmedievalbuildings
EXAMPLES OF
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Tempietto di San Pietro, Montorio Sant Agostino, Rome


EXAMPLES OF
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Antwerp City Hall, Belgium


Temple of Vesta, Rome

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