PRESENTATION

ON
NON DESTRUTIVE TESTING
(NDT)

MADE
BY : GURMEET SINGH
 Definition of NDT
The use of noninvasive
techniques to determine
the integrity of a
material,
component or structure
or
quantitatively measure
some characteristic of
an object.
 Methods And Techniques of
NDT Th erm
ogra
Visua Micr phy
ow ave
l a rti c le
ti n g eti c P
Tap T
es M agn
y Acousti
X-ra c Micros
copy
Acoust ts
ic Emi e n n t
ssion e m tr a
a sur Pe ne
M e i q u id
e t ic L
Ult gn
ras M a Replication
on
ic
Lase Eddy
r Curr
a k a g e I n t erfero ent
Flux Le metr
y
Visual Inspection
Most basic and
common inspection
method.

Tools include
fiberscopes,
borescopes,
magnifying glasses and
mirrors. Portable video
inspection unit with
zoom allows inspection
of large tanks and
vessels, railroad tank
cars, sewer lines.
Robotic crawlers permit
observation in hazardous
or tight areas, such as air
ducts, reactors, pipelines.
 Liquid Penetrant
Inspection
A liquid with high surface wetting
characteristics is applied to the surface of the
part and allowed time to seep into surface
The excess
breaking liquid is removed from the
defects.
surface of the part.
A developer (powder) is applied to pull the
trapped penetrant out the defect and
spread it on the surface where it can be
seen. inspection is the final step in the
Visual
process. The penetrant used is often
loaded with a fluorescent dye and the
inspection is done under UV light to
increase test sensitivity.
Advantage of LPI
It is a very sensitive method, capable of finding
extremely fine flaws
It can be used on magnetic and non-magnetic metals,
some plastics and glass
Small objects, with awkward shapes, can be inspected
A power supply is not needed for some methods of
penetrant testing
The method requires no great skill and is easy to
understand
Lots of small articles, in batches, can be examined
using automated systems
Disadvantages
Can only detect defects open to the surface
Preparation, before testing, can be time
consuming and costly
The method takes time and can rarely be
completed in less than 30 minutes
The method cannot normally be applied to
painted objects
It is messy
Interpretation of results is sometimes difficult
 Magnetic Particle Inspection
The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment
are then applied to the specimen. These particles are attracted to magnetic
flux leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the
discontinuity. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting
conditions.
Advantages of MPI
One of the most dependable and sensitive
methods for surface defects
fast, simple and inexpensive
direct, visible indication on surface
unaffected by possible deposits, e.g. oil, grease
or other metals chips, in the cracks
can be used on painted objects
surface preparation not required
results readily documented with photo or tape
impression
Disadvantages
It is messy
Most methods need a supply of electricity
It is sometimes unclear whether the magnetic
field is sufficiently strong to give good
indications
The method cannot be used if a thick paint
coating is present
Spurious, or non-relevant indications, are
probable, and thus interpretation is a skilled
task
Ultrasonic Inspection (Pulse-Echo)
High frequency sound waves are introduced into a
material and they are reflected back from surfaces or
flaws.
Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and
f
inspector can visualize a cross section of the
specimen showing the depth of features that reflect
sound.
initial
pulse

back surface
echo
crack
echo

crack
0 2 4 6 8 10 plate

Oscilloscope, or
flaw detector
Advantages of UI
Internal defects can be detected and sized
when a validated procedure is applied
Thick specimens take no more time to
examine than thin ones, assuming correct
instrumentation set up
Access to only one side of the component is
needed
There is no radiation hazard in ultrasonic
examination, and hence no disruption of work
as there is with radiography
Volumetric and crack like defects can be
detected, irrespective of their orientation
Disadvantages
A high degree of operator skill and integrity is needed.
In most examinations, there is no permanent record of
the inspection as there is in radiography, however
more recent equipment does offer this facility
In certain materials, like austenitic steel, the large
grain size found in welds can cause attenuation and
this may mask defects
Spurious indications, and the misreading of signals,
can result in unnecessary repairs, which is why a
validated procedure should be applied when carrying
out any ultrasonic examination.
Common Application of NDT
Inspection of Raw Products
Inspection Following
Secondary Processing
In-Services Damage Inspection
 THANK
YOU