BI GING MN:

SINH HC I CNG

BI GING MN:

SINH HC I
CNG
Ging vin:
TS. ng Huy Gii
n v cng tc: B mn Sinh Hc Khoa CNSH
Email: dhgioi@vnua.edu.vn
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SINH HC I CNG

nh Gi:
- Chuyn cn: 0,1 (Pht biu xy dng

bi)
- Kim tra: 0,3 (Kim tra t lun)

- Thi cui k: 0,6 (Thi trc nghim)

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SINH HC I CNG

Ti liu tham kho chnh

Nguyn ng Phong (ch bin), Sinh hc t bo, di truyn
v tin ha i hc NN H Ni;
Nguyn Nh Hin, Gio trnh Sinh hc T bo, NXB Gio
dc, 2006;
W. Phillips T.Chilton, Sinh hc (tp 1,2), Bn dch ting
Vit, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 1998;
L Mnh Dng (ch bin), Gio trnh sinh hc i cng,
Nxb i hc Nng nghip, 2013.
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P.
Molecular Biology of Cell (2002);
Campbell - Reece, Biology, Seventh Edition, 2004.
http://www.vnua.edu.vn/khoa/cnsh/index.php/vi/giao-trinh-
bai-giang
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Tng quan v mn hc
Chng I. Tng quan t chc ca c th sng

Chng II. Trao i cht v nng lng ca t bo

Chng III. S phn bo v sinh sn ca sinh vt

Chng IV. Tnh cm ng v thch nghi ca SV

Chng V. S tin ha ca sinh gii

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Chng I: Tng quan t chc ca c th sng

Cc c trng c bn ca s sng;
Cu trc t bo nhn s (Prokaryote);
Cu trc t bo nhn chun (Eukaryote);
Ngun gc, v tr, cu to, chc nng ca cc
loi m thc vt;
Ngun gc, v tr, cu to, chc nng ca cc
loi m ng vt;
Mt s quan im v phn chia h thng sinh
gii.
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I. Cc c trng c bn ca s sng

1. Trao i cht v nng lng;

2. Sinh trng v pht trin;
3. Vn ng;
4. Cm ng v thch nghi;
5. Sinh sn;
6. Tin ho.
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SINH TRNG
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SINH TRNG
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Pht trin l
s bin i
v hnh thi
v sinh l
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II. Cu trc t bo Prokaryote

Mt s c im c trng:

Ch thy sinh vt n bo hoc tp on n bo;

Cha c nhn chnh thc;

S lng bo quan t; cha c mng bao bc;

Vt cht di truyn ch gm 1 phn t ADN dng vng,

trn.
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II. Cu trc t bo Prokaryote

Vch t bo:
Mng nhy: Ch yu l
nc v polisacarit;
Thnh t bo:
Peptidoglycan;
Mng sinh cht:
Nguyn sinh cht (Bo
tng);
Min nhn;
Ribosome;
Mesosome;
Plasmid;
Th vi;
Roi v t.
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III. Cu trc t bo Eukaryote

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1. Mng t bo ((Plasma membrane))

V tr
Cu to
Chc nng
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Cu trc mng t bo Eukaryote

Phospholipid
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Chc nng ca protein mng

1. Knh protein: Cho mt s cht nht nh i ra hoc i vo t

bo.
2. Protein mang: Xuyn qua mng, trc tip vn chuyn cc
cht qua mng.
3. Th quan (Receptor): L protein xuyn mng, c vai tr xc
nh cc phn t c hiu (hooc mn, cht dn truyn thn
kinh), gn vi chng thng qua khi ng mt s
hot ng chc nng ca t bo.
4. Cc enzim: C th l loi xuyn mng hoc bm mng.
5. Neo khung xng t bo: L protein mt trong, l v tr gn
ca vi si lm thnh khung xng ca t bo.
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Cu trc phn t phospholipid

Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol

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Chc nng ca mng sinh cht

Bao bc cc bo quan bn trong t bo, ngn tch

t bo vi mi trng, t bo vi t bo;

L mng bn thm c tnh chn lc, thc hin v

kim sot qu trnh trao i cht, tip nhn v trao
i thng tin gia t bo ny vi t bo khc, gia
t bo vi mi trng.
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2. Nhn t bo (Nucleus)

V tr
S
lng
Cu to
Chc
nng
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Nhn t bo (Nucleus)

S lng v v tr
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Cu trc nhn t bo

Mng
nhn
Dch nhn
Cht
nhim sc
Nhn con
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Cu to ca mng nhn
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Chc nng ca nhn

Quyt nh s sng v quyt nh tnh di

truyn ca t bo;

iu ho cc hot ng sng ca t bo
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3. Cht Nguyn sinh (Bo tng) (Cytosol)

L dung dch keo, nht nm gia nhn v mng

sinh cht;
Thnh phn: Ch yu l nc, cc cht ho tan v
cc cht khng ho tan;
Chc nng:
D tr, cung cp cht dinh dng cho t bo;
Ni din ra rt nhiu cc phn ng sinh l, sinh ho quan
trng ca t bo
L mi trng tn ti ca rt nhiu bo quan (ty th, lp
th, golgi)
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4. Mng li ni cht (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

V tr: Nm trong TBC, gn

nhn;
Cu to: L h thng ti,
ng. Mng l mng c bn;
Phn loi: C 2 loi
Li ni cht c ht: Tng hp
Protein;
Li ni cht khng ht: Tng
hp lipit; vn chuyn cc cht;
kh c cho t bo.
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5. Phc h Golgi (Golgi complex, apparatus, body)

Ngun gc:
Hnh thnh t li ni cht
trn (khng c hng cu,
tinh trng, nm).
Cu to:
Vai tr:
Ch bin, ng gi, vn
chuyn cc cht (protein,
lipid hoc axit amin, sn
phm bi tit)
Sn sinh ra lyxosome
Hot ng:
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6. Ribosome
V tr: Nm trn b mt ca li ni cht hoc nm t do
trong t bo cht;
Thnh phn: c cu to t hai thnh phn l rARN v
polipeptide;

Hng s lng ng:

Phn nh 40s, phn ln
60s, Ribosome hon
chnh 80s;
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6. Ribosome

S lng: Tu thuc vo loi sinh vt, loi t bo.

VD: E.coli 6000, hng cu ca th khong 100.000;

Chc nng: Ni din ra qu trnh dch m.

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7. Ti th (Mitochondrion)

V tr: Trong TBC;

Hnh dng: Bu
dc, trn, que ;
Kch thc: 0,2-
0,5 uM;
S lng: Tu
thuc loi t bo;
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7. Ti th (Mitochondrion)

Cu to:
Mng kp: (Mo,
enzyme, H+);
Cht nn: Ni din ra
chu trnh Kreps;
ADN, Ribosome,
protein.
Chc nng: Trm
nng lng ca t bo.
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8. Lp th (Plastid)

L bo quan ch c t bo thc vt, c chia

thnh 3 loi:
V sc lp (Leucoplast)
Sc lp (Mophoplast)
Lc lp (Chloroplast)
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8.1. V sc lp (Leucoplast)

L loi lp th khng mu,

c bit c nhiu nhng t
bo trong m d tr (trong
c, ht).
C 3 loi v sc lp:
Lp bt: To ra tinh bt
Lp du: To ra du (lipit)
Lp m (ht alron): To ra
protein.
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8.2. Sc lp (Chromoplast)

Gm 2 loi:
Xantophyl (mu vng)
Carotin (mu da cam)
C nhiu trong hoa, qu
chn
Vai tr:
Thu ht cn trng
Tham gia vo qu trnh
quang hp
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8.3. Lc lp (Chloroplast)

L loi lp th c mu xanh (do

c cha Chlorophyll), c nhiu
l, thn non, ht (ht sen)
Cu tao:
Mng kp
Stroma (cht nn): Cc enzyme,
Coenzyme, sn phm ca pha ti
Grana: Dip lc, cc sc t khc,
h dn truyn e
ADN, Ribosme, protein
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9. Trung th (Centrosome)
C t bo ng vt, mt s loi thc vt (ru, dng x,
to..); khng thy t bo ca thc vt bc cao.
Cu tao:
Gm 2 trung t;
Trung t (centrioles) c
cu trc theo kiu 9+0
Chc nng: Hnh thnh
thoi v sc.
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10. Lysosome, Peroxisome v Glyoxysome

Lysosome:

Ngun gc: Th Golgi

Thy trong t bo ng vt, nm; khng thy c
trong t bo thc vt bc cao.
Cu to: Mng; enzyme tiu ho ni bo;
Nhim v: Phn hu bo quan hng (ni thc
bo), phn hu cc cht, cc vi khun t bn
ngoi vo (thc bo).
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Lysosome
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Peroxisome

Ngun gc: Li ni cht; c nhiu t bo gan;

Cu to: Mng; enzyme oxyho;

Chc nng: Loi b cc c t cho t bo (phn

hu H2O2).
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Glyoxysome

Cha cc enzyme phc v cho qu trnh bin i

lipid thnh gluxit,

Vai tr: Bin i lipit d tr trong ht thnh gluxit

trong thi k ny mm ca ht.
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11. B xng t bo
Vi ng (Microtubule):
Nng t bo;
Vn ng ca TBC;
Hnh thnh thoi v sc (TV).
Vi si (Microfilaments):
C n hi cao;
Gip t bo chuyn ng;
Gim s chuyn ng ca
TBC.
Si trung gian (Intermediate
Filaments):
Pht hin s di cn ca mt
s loi t bo ung th
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12. Roi (flagella) v T (cilia)

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13. Khng Bo (Vacuole)

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14. Vch T Bo
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IV. Cc loi m Thc vt

M B
M phn sinh
M mm d tr
M mm ng ho
M dn
M c
M tit
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1. M B

M b s cp: Biu b, kh khng

V tr:
Cu to:
Chc nng:
M b th cp: Chu b, th b, b khng
V tr:
Cu to:
Chc nng:
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1.1. M B s cp
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1.2. M B th cp
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2. M Phn Sinh

c im chung: Nhng t bo mng mng,

c kh nng phn chia to ra cc t bo mi.
Phn loi theo ngun gc:
M phn sinh s cp;
M phn sinh th cp.
Phn loi theo v tr
M phn sinh ngn;
M phn sinh lng;
M phn sinh bn.
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2.1. M phn sinh ngn

Ngun gc: Thuc m phn sinh s cp.

V tr: nh ngn, nh chi, nh r.

Chc nng: Tng kch thc c quan theo

chiu dc (ch yu), chiu ngang.
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2.1. M phn sinh ngn

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2.2. M phn sinh lng

Ngun gc: Thuc m phn sinh s cp.

V tr: Mu ca cc cy h La v mt s cy Mt
l mm khc; mt s cy trong h Cm chng, h
Rau mui; cung nhy cy lc...

Chc nng: Tng chiu di ca lng.

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2.3. M phn sinh bn

Ngun gc: Thuc m phn sinh

th cp.
Gm 2 loi: Tng sinh bn v
Tng tng.
V tr:
Tng sinh bn: nm phn v th
cp
Tng tng: Nm phn rut
Hot ng:
Tng sinh bn: Sinh ra bn ngoi l
bn, trong l lc b (v th cp)
Tng tng: Sinh ra bn ngoi l
Libe, bn trong l g.
Chc nng: Tng kch thc c
quan theo chiu ngang.
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3. M mm d tr

M mm d tr kh cung l
M mm d tr tinh bt r mung bin
sng;
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4. M mm ng ho
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5. M dn
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6. M c
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7. M tit