TE 4103 SISTEM KOMUNIKASI BERGERAK

Pengenalan Cell Site Design

 Cellular Radio Access System

PSTN

MSC
BTS1/cell site 1

Packet/IP
Network
BTS1/cell site n
 Radio (Tx & Rx) System

propagation
Signal
Source Signal
Txer PA Rxer
(Voice, Information
data, etc) Tx filter feedline Rx filter Pre-Amp

Signal Source: Informasi & Baseband Processing.

Tx-er: Modulator, Channel Encoder, Interleaver, etc.
PA: Power Amplifier.
Feedline: Cable, Connector and Jumper.
Pre-Amp: LNA.
Rx-er: Demodulator, Channel Decoder, De-Interleaver, etc.
 Structure of Transmitter

Connector
Jumper
Info BB
Mod PA
Signal Processing

Depend on Jumper Cable

type of Mod used

BB Processing: to process analog signal into digital signal & other

processing
Mod: translate from BB freq. To RF freq depend on type of cellular
system being used e.g. G-MSK modulator for GSM.
Power Amp:
- Class A: high linearity
- Class B: greater output power more efficient than Class A, but less linear
- Class AB: combined adv. of class A & B become widely used in
wireless.
- Class C: more power efficient widely used in wireless
 Generic Structure of Rxer
Antenna Rxer
IF
1
jumper
2
. Chanel Data/
PA X IF
. Encoder Signal
.
filter
N
feedline Multicoupler/ LO
RF Distributor

Block diagram of Rxer varies depend on type of modulation, encoder, and/ or base
band processing.
Parameters to be considered are:
- frequency range
- dynamic range
- sensitivity
- distortion
- noise
- tuning speed
 Transmitting Combiners
Allows multiple transmitters to feed
single antenna, providing
Minimum power loss from transmitter
to antenna
Maximum isolation between
transmitters
Combiner types
Tuned
low insertion loss ~1-3 dB
transmitter frequencies must be
significantly separated
Hybrid
insertion loss -3 dB per stage
no restriction on transmitter
frequencies
Linear amplifier
Linearity and intermodulation are
major design and operation issues
 Receiver Components

Antenna: to convert electromagnetic energy from atmosfer electric

energy and transfer it to feed line
Feed line
= Connector

Jumper Cable Jumper

Jumper to ease maintenance and installation

Filter & Pre-Amplifier:

- Filter: to pass the wanted signal & attenuated the
interference designed to work according to the intended
bands
- Pre-Amplifier is used to increased S/N of received
signals.
 Receiver Components
Multicoupler:
- used for RF distribution
- many signals/users can share the same receive antenna:
signal
#1
1:4 #2
Splitter #3
#4

RFin 1:4
Splitter

# 13
1:4 # 14
Splitter # 15
# 16
 Performance Criteria of Receivers
Sensitivity:
- ability to detect a weak signals, measured by minimum discernible signal (MDS).
- MDS is measured by turning off the AGC, input a signal with correct BW, and
increasing the signal output from generator until S + N = 3 dB higher than 0 when
there is no signal.
- Sensitivity incorporate thermal noise, NF and BW, defined as:

Sen = 10 log (kTB) + 10 log (Channel BW) + NF

where: 10 log (kTB) = -174 dBm/Hz for T = 25oC,
B = 840 MHz and k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
Sen = -174 + 10 log(W) + NF
where: W = Channel Bandwidth
e.g. for IS-9 W = 1.23 MHz
S = -174 + 10 log (1.23 x 106) + 4 = 109.1 dBm
GSM W = 200 kHz
S = -174 + 10 log (2 x 105) + 4 = -117 dBm
 Performance Criteria of Receiver
Dynamic Range
- a range of levels of the signal that receiver can handle accurately.
- blocking DR is defined from MDS to 1 dB compression point.
- spurious free DR (SFDR) is defined from MDS to a specified 3rd order intermodulation level.

Intercept point

1-dB compression
Output power, dBm

Linear operation

Third order
Signal slope Input power
causing burnout
Spurious free Noise level
dynamic range

Input power, dBm

- e.g. a range from -13 to -104 dBm DR = 91 dB
 Performance Criteria of Receiver
SINAD (signal to noise and distortion) :

SND
SINAD dB
ND
Noise = thermal noise + other noises:
affect overall performance of receiver
quantified by Noise Figure, NF:

NF 10 log
S
N input
S
N output
Selectivity :
- a measure of protection from off channel interference.
- depend upon filtering.
- greater selectivity means better rejection to unwanted signal
however if too selective, the signal could be distorted.
 4 Basic Antenna System

Ground plane
G=2.14 dBi G=4 dBi

a. Dipole b. monopole

Feed point conductor

dielectric

Ground plane

c. Loop d. Microstrip/ patch

 Base Station Antenna
Use antenna with higher gain
Could be omnidirectional or sectoral depending on cell type
Collinear antenna:

4
Omnidirectional
Radiation
Pattern
main lobe
2
feeder
S
line boresight

2 (elevation)
side lobe
 Base Station Antenna
Log periodic dipole array (LPDA)
Directional Radiation
Transmission Dipoles Pattern
line

- very wide BW, with constant SWR

- typical gain 10 dBi

Yagi antenna
main lobe
Reflector Driven element (dipole) Directors

back lobe
- BW is smaller than LPDA side lobe main lobe
- typical gain 12 14 dB
 Omni Antennas
Collinear Vertical Arrays
The family of omni-directional
wireless
antennas:
Number of elements determines
Physical size
Gain
Beamwidth, first null angle
Models with many elements have
very narrow beamwidths
Require stable mounting and
careful alignment
be sure nulls do not fall in
important coverageareas
Rod and grid reflectors are
sometimes added for mild
directivity
 Sector Antennas
Reflectors And Vertical Arrays
Typical commercial sector antennas
are vertical combinations of dipoles,
yagis, or log-periodic elements with
reflector (panel or grid) backing:
Vertical plane pattern is determined
by number of vertically-separated
elements
varies from 1 to 8, affecting mainly
gain and vertical plane beamwidth
Horizontal plane pattern is
determined by:
number of horizontally-spaced
elements
shape of reflectors (is reflector
folded?)
Vertical Depression Angles
Types Of Downtilt
Antenna Downtilt
Antenna Downtilt : Reduce
Interference
Antenna Downtilt : Avoid Overshoot
 SWR of Antenna
Amplitude

Vmax

Vmin

SWR = Vmax/Vmin, define the matching level between antenna and

feeder line
Reflection coefficient:
SWR 1

SWR 1
where represent a percent of reflected power defined by:
2

Re turn Loss 10 log 2
 Performance Criteria of Antenna

Front to Back Ratio, is ratio between main lobe & back lobe,
very impotant for directional antenna.
Spatial diversity:
d

Rx2 Rx1 h 835

d x ( feet )
11 f
h
where f is in MHz
 Performance Criteria of Antenna
Antenna pattern, defined at azimuth and elevation orientation either
omni or bidirectional antenna
Main lobe & side lobe, the lower side lobe the better resistance to
interference
Input impedance, usually complex matching input ipedance and feeder line
impedance is very critical to have maximum power transfer from feeder to
antenna
Beamwidth, usually defined as angular separation where there is 3 dB
reduction from bore-sight
Directivity & Gain, is ratio of radiation intensity at wanted direction and
coverage radiation intensity over all direction
G .D
Bandwidth, define operating range of antenna, limited by SWR. A typical
BW is for SWR 1:1.2 at the band edge.
Polarization, defined by orientation of

E
 Antenna Installation
Tx Tx Rx2
d

Rx2 Rx1 d

a) Tower
Rx1

b) Roof Top, Edge of Building

c) Roof Top
sector 1 Rx1

Tx Rx2

d
d
2 Tx

Rx1
3
Rx2

d) Wall Mounting
 Antenna Installation Tolerance
Apply to physical oriented & plumbness of its installation
For omnidirectional antenna, it is unnecessary. But for directi-onal
antenna it is very critical
Usually taken +/- 5% from antenna horizontal/azimuth pattern.

Table: Horizontal Antenna Tolerance

Azimuth/Horizontal Pattern Tolerance from Bore

Sight
110O +/- 5.5o
92O +/- 4.5o
60O +/- 3.0o
40O +/- 2.0o
 Antenna Isolation

Tx
x y
y Tx Rx

Rx

a. vertical b) horizontal c. slant

y x
VI 28 40 log dB HI 22 20 log dB SI VI HI HI dB

o
90
where y where x 10 where slant angle
 Link Budget

path loss
TXer RXer
Txer Rxer
component component

link budget component

Dasar Pemahaman Link Budget
Parameter yang harus diperhatikan pada Link Budget

1. Ptx = Daya pancar BTS

2. Daya Threshold = level tertentu, tergantung dari service yang
diberikan, dan QoS yang dicapai
3. FM = Fading Margin, diberikan jika diperlukan (pada siskomsat
tidak perlu FM)
4. Lp = Loss Propagasi
5. Prx = Level daya penerima MS
6. Lfr = Rx filter loss (dB)
7. Grx = Gain antena MS
8. Lp = redaman propagasi (dB)
9. Gtx = Gain antena BTS (dB)
10. Lft = Tx filter loss (dB)
11. Energy to Noise Density Ratio (Eb/No) = kualitas sinyal di
penerima sangat baik
 Link Budget Up Link
Frequency range, MHz
Mobile parameters
- Tx PA output (max)
- Cable loss
- Antenna gain
-------- (Subsc. ERP max,
dB)
Environmental margins
- Fading margin
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
-------------------- (dB)
Base station parameters
- Rx ant. gain Rx jumper
loss
- Rx tower top amp gain
(net)
- Rx cable loss
- Rx ligthning arrester loss
- Rx duplexer loss
- Rx diversity gain
- Rx coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
------- Up-link budget, dB
 Link Budget Down Link
Environmental margins
Frequency range, MHz - Tx diversity gain
Base station parameters - Fading margin
- Tx PA output power - Environmental
attenuation
- Tx combiner loss
- Cell overlap
- Tx duplexer loss
(dB)
- Tx ligthning arrester loss
Mobile parameters
- Tx cable loss
- Antenna gain
- Tx jumper loss - Rx diversity gain
- Tx tower top amp gain - Antenna cable loss
- Tx antenna gain - Coding gain
(Cell ERP, - Rx sensitivity
dB) ---------- Down-link budget,
dB
 Type of Cell Site/BTS (1)

Tx

Rx11
Rx1 Tx Rx2
1 Rx21
Tx1
Rx1 Rx2
Rx12
120o
Tx2 2
Rx32

Tx3
Rx22
Monopole Roof Top 3
Rx31

a) Omni cell b) 3 Sectors

 Type of Cell Site/BTS (2)
Micro- or pico-cell antenna

1
R R Traffic light
R R
T
6 2
T T
60
R R
R R

T T
5 3
T
R R
R R

c) 6 sectors d) Microcell or picocell

Cell Site Design (1)
Search area

Site Qualification Test

(SQT)

Site
Accepted?

Planning and
Zoning Board

EMF Compliance

Site activation
 Cell Site Design (2)

Search Area:
- searching area to place cell site/BTS that meet the specifications
- plot the propagation path, including clearance
- mapping the area for planning & documentation

SQT:
- to assure the area is a viable candidate for a cell site by
measurements
- include a sketch of the location, antenna type, height, ERP, path
clearance,
and do callibration

Site acceptance:
- if SQT is positive then the area is accepted to place a cell site
- if not, then area is rejected
- both site acceptance and rejection should be documented
 Cell Site Design (3)
Planning and zoning board:
- why the site is needed
- how the site will improve the network
- drawing the sketch of site

Electromagnetic Force (EMF) Compliance:

- EMF identify the source of EM from the site itself and surrounding
area
- to ensure it complies with personal safety and government regulation
- incorporated the type of Txer, power, frequency range, etc
- method for calculating EMF, e.g. IEEE C95.1 1991 standard

Site activation:
- when every steps above is OK, the cell site/BTS could be placed and
turn on