Engineering

History
 Why is it important to take notes
during this presentation?

It helps you remember.

It gives you a way to review for the

final.

You can use your notes on the quiz

next class.
We will discuss

When did engineering begin?

Who were the first engineers?

What were the first engineering

designs?
 Your Assignment:

Pay attention
this presentation
will help you complete your assignment.
Your assignment will be to answer the following questions:

What is an Engineer?

Describe what you think might have been the greatest

invention of all time (not including the last two hundred
years).

Describe an instance when you have invented anything or

found a solution that has been useful to others.
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor

http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif
 The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Change from
nomadic life
(hunter/gatherers)
They were
becoming less
nomadic and more
what?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg
 The Beginnings of
Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.

The Agrarian Society

(agriculture)
forms the basis of

civilization
cultivate plants - the

need for increased food

production
domesticate animals -

for food and work

build permanent houses

in community group

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html
 The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Increased food

production permitted
time to engage in other
activities such as:

Government:

A Ruler makes laws that

stabilize community life
land ownership
 The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
The results of

Government:
organize work force
beginnings of a class

society
supervisors

foremen
workers - artisans

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/images/p4_lesson3.gif
 The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.

Artisans are
considered
to be the first
engineers

Why?

http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/03/050326101411.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
People discovered methods of producing fire
at will

http://www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Stone Age 600,000-5000 B.C.
People discovered how to use rocks as tools.

http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/collectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg
 The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in
this Era
Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C.
People learn how to shape

soft metals into tools.

http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements
in this Era
Bronze Age 3000-2000
B.C.
Mixing different kinds of

metals could make better

tools.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Development of a system of symbols for
written communications

http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html
The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or
Inventions
Irrigation systems to promote crop growth

http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg
 The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or
Inventions
Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines.

http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg

http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windmi_24788_md.gif
 The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering
Projects or
Inventions
The wheel and axle
Plow http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg

Yoke

http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg
 The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia cradle of civilization

Clay tile material used for permanent documentation

Clay tablets unearthed which show:

maps of caravan routes

including mountains, cities

and water
city plans

irrigation systems

water supply systems

Mesopotamia
 Tigris River

Euphrates
River
Clay Tablet
Also called Cuneiform
 The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Outstanding
contributions of
mathematics
Sexagesimal

system
divided circle

into 360
degrees
hour into 60

minutes
minute into

60 seconds
 Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:

Among the first

scientific engineers
Familiar with basic math
Could figure out areas and

volumes of land excavations

Number system based on
60 instead of 10
Buildings were constructed

using basic engineering http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg

principles still used today

 Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:

Primitive arches used in

moving water (hydraulics)

Bridges were built with

stone piers carrying wooden
stringers

http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/
 Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Roads were surfaced with a
naturally occurring asphalt, a
construction system not
used again until the
nineteenth century
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg

The first recorded use of asphalt

(bitumen) as a road building material
was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the
reign of King Naboppolassar. http://www.hotmix.org/history.php
Map of Babylon
Gardens of Babylon
 Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Egyptian Engineers

Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years

2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to

build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu

Outstanding examples of engineering skills in

land measurement and building layout -transit

and level
Irrigation systems

www.greatbuildings.com
Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Had its origin in Egypt
Better known for the intensive development of

borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention

Famous for outstanding philosophers:

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and

Archimedes (mathematics)
 Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in
Greece:
Use of ideas was retarded
because of the belief that
verification and
experimentation, which
required manual labor,
were only fit for slaves.

http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg
 Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in
Greece:
Even so, greeks were able
to come up with a few
useful ideas:
Archimedes water screw

Crossbow

Catapult
 Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering
knowledge from the countries they conquered
for use in warfare and in their public works
Superior in the application of ideas and
techniques
 Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Heros Inventions:
Gear driven odometer

on chariot
Steam turbine

Hydraulic clock

Fire engine
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/InventionsO.htm
http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/11/heros_steam_tur.html

All ideas stolen from http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PuppetShow.html

Hero by the Romans

Who was Greek
http://www.the-romans.co.uk/g5/37.waterclock.gif
 Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat
180,000 miles

http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg
 Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Aqueducts for
Water supply

Sanitary systems

Engineering principles applies

to military tactics

http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg
 Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the
Dark Ages, but was it?
The word engineer began to appear. Its root
lies in the Latin word ingeniare, to design or
devise
 Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the
Dark Ages, but was it?
Animals and waterwheels began to replace
humans as the power source Arabs were
developing paper making, chemistry, and optics
 Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the
Dark Ages, but was it?
Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume
distilling became part of the culture
 Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the
Dark Ages, but was it?
Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical
instruments, the loom and spinning wheel,
and gunpowder
Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first
books printed on paper
Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was

also an engineer, inventor and architect

Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults

bridges and buildings

Sketches of future engineering devices such as:

Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge

Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal Joint
Tanks
 The Revival of Science:
17th and 18th Centuries
Galileo Discovers:
Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves

while falling, is independent of weight

Earth moves around the sun

Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:

hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer

Boyle Discovers:

expansion quality of air and the correlation between

temperature, volume, and pressure

 The Revival of Science:
17th and 18th Centuries
Hooke Discovers:
material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted

on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it

shortens in a similar fashion
Huygens develops

spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and

measures gravitational acceleration

Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of

motion
developed differential calculus, essential to

mathematical analysis of most physical systems

The Revival of Science:
17th and 18th Centuries
The Developing Industrial Age
James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron
furnaces, rolling mills and other industries
Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the

spinning and weaving machinery

Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold

a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar

forerunner to the capacitor
Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction

Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

 Beginnings of Modern
Science: 19th Century
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical
current, leading to the science of electrodynamics
Michael Faraday found the means to generate
electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic
field
Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the
transmission of electric signals through space;
Marconi was awarded a patent for the same
achievement a year later
Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron

James Watt refines and produces an efficient steam

engine
At last good iron for machines and power plants to
operate the machinery
 20th Century Technology
Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass
production emerges
Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical

equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread

use of power systems and communication networks
Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of

alternating current, the polyphase induction motor

Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft

Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and

chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop

NYLON the first of many synthetic fibers. The beginnings
of polymer research
 20th Century Technology
Using Albert Einstein's model E=mc2 scientists from
Europe and the United States at the University of
Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of
controlled nuclear reaction begins.
John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvanias

Moore School of Engineering develop the first

computer called the ENIAC. It weighted over 30 tons
and occupied over 1500 square feet.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley,

at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one

part of a diode caused current changes in another part
of a diode and create the transistor.
 20th Century Technology
Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers
that the transistors silicon crystal could be made to be its
own circuit board. transistors - the switch that controls
the world
Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines

Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707

capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600
mph
Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which
has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit
telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in
supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce
holograms
 20th Century Technology
Communication Satellites - now handle more than half
of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio
network program distribution

And the list goes ON AND

ON
AND

ON