LiQUiD

S
 TOPICS

Properties of Liquid
Liquid Pressure
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
Pascals Law
Capillary Action and Surface Tension
 Phases of Matter
The three common phases of matter are solid,
liquid,
and gas.
A solid has a definite shape and size.
A liquid has a fixed volume but can be any shape.
A gas can be any shape and also can be easily
compressed.
Liquids and gases both flow, and are called
fluids.
 Phase Changes

Evaporation: Liquid Gas

Condensation: Gas Liquid
Melting: Solid Liquid
Freezing: Liquid Solid
Sublimation: Solid Gas

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 Density
Density is given by: = m
V
The symbol for density is rho. Density is simply mass per
unit volume. Water, for example, has a density of about 1
gram per milliliter. (It varies slightly with temperature and
pressure.)
Water at 4C has a density of 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3.
The S.I. unit for density is the kg / m 3. For water:
1 g 1 mL (100 cm) 3 1 kg 1000 kg
= mL 3 =
m3
1 cm m 3
1000 g
 Pressure in Fluids

Pressure is defined as the force per unit area.

Pressure is a scalar; the units of pressure in the SI system
are pascals:
1 Pa = 1 N/m2

Pressure is the same in every

direction in a fluid at a given
depth; if it were not, the fluid
would flow.

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 Pressure Formula
Air pressure is lower up the mountains than at sea level. Water
pressure is much lower at the surface than down deep. Pressure
depends on fluid density and depth:

P = gh A
proof: Imagine a box under water with
the top at the surface. The pressure at the
bottom is greater because of the weight of m water h
all the water above it:
P = F / A = (m water g) / A
= (m water g h) / (A h) A
= (m water g h) / V water = water g h
Because of the air on top of the water, P = PA + g h, where PA is the
air pressure at sea level, but PA is often negligible when h is large.
 Example Problem
Problem: Wanda watches the fish tank and notices that the
angel fish like to feed at the waters surface, while the catfish
feed 0.300m below at the bottom of the tank. If the average
density of the water in the tank is 1000. kg/m3 ,
what is the pressure on the catfish?
Problem: Wanda watches the fish tank and notices that the
angel fish like to feed at the waters surface, while the catfish
feed 0.300m below at the bottom of the tank. If the average
density of the water in the tank is 1000. kg/m3 , what is the
pressure on the catfish?
Given:
Unknown: P=?
Pa = 1.01 x105 Pa
Original equation: P= Pa + pgh
p = 1000.kg/m3
g= 10.0 m/s2
h = 0.300 m
 Problem: Wanda watches the fish tank and notices
that the angel fish like to feed at the waters surface,
while the catfish feed 0.300m below at the bottom of
the tank.
Solve: P= PaIf+pgh
the average density of the water in the
tank P=
is 1000.
(1.01x105Pa), what
kg/m 3
is the pressure
+ (1000.kg/m 3 on 2the
) (10.0m/s ) (0.300m)
catfish?
P = 1.01x105 Pa + 3.00x103 Pa
P = 1.04 x 105 Pa
 Pressure Depends on Depth, not Shape
All these containers are the same height. Therefore, the
pressure at the bottom of each is the same. The shape
matters not

Note: Were talking about the pressure inside the fluid, not the
pressures exerted by the containers on the table, which would greater
for a cylinder than a cone of the same height & base.
 Pascals Principle

The change in pressure on one part of a

confined fluid is equal to the change in
pressure on any other part of the confined
fluid.

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 Pascals Principle

Example 1: You squeeze a tube of

toothpaste. The pressure of the
toothpaste does not just go up at the
place where you are squeezing it. It goes
up by the same amount everywhere in
the tube.
 Example 2: If someone is choking
and you do the Heimlich maneuver,
you apply a force to his abdomen.
The increase in pressure is
transmitted to his throat and dislodges
the food on which he was choking.

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 PASCALS PRINCIPLE

P = F1 = F2
A1 A2

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 Pascals Principle

This principle is used, for example, in

hydraulic lifts and hydraulic brakes.
 A hydraulic system is used to lift a 2000-kg
vehicle in an auto garage. If the vehicle sits on
a piston of area 0.5 square meter, and a force is
applied to a piston of area 0.03 square meters,
what is the minimum force that must be applied
to lift the vehicle?
Given:
m= 2000kg
A2= 0.5m2
A1= 0.03 m2
F2= mg= 2000kg x9.8m/s2

Find = F1
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 ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

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 Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

This is an object submerged in a fluid. There is a net

force on the object because the pressures at the top and
bottom of it are different.
The buoyant force is found
to be the upward force on
the same volume of water:

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 Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

If the objects density is

less than that of water,
there will be an upward
net force on it, and it will
rise until it is partially
out of the water.

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Problem:
Palmer drops an ice cube into his glass of
water. The ice, whose density is 917
kg/m3, has dimensions of 0.030m x
0.020m x 0.020m, as shown in the
diagram. What is the0.020m
buoyant force
acting in the ice?
0.020m

0.030m
Cubes volume:
0.030m x 0.020m x 0.020m =
0.000012m3

Because the density of the water is less than

the ice, the ice will float so that part of it is
above the surface. Therefore,

Buoyant force= weight of water displaced=

weight of ice
Problem:
Palmer drops an ice cube into his glass of
water. The ice, whose density is 917 kg/m3, has
dimensions of 0.030m x 0.020m x 0.020m, as
shown in the diagram. What is the buoyant force
acting in the ice?
Given: Dice = 917kg/m3
g= 10.0 m/ s2
V= 0.000012 m3

Unknown : Fb = ?
Original equation: Fb = DgV
Problem:
Palmer drops an ice cube into his glass of water. The
ice, whose density is 917 kg/m3, has dimensions of
0.030m x 0.020m x 0.020m, as shown in the diagram.
What is the buoyant force acting in the ice?
Solve: Fb = Dice gV
= (917kg/m3)( 10.0m/s2)(0.000012m3)
= 0.11 N
 Surface Tension and Capillarity

The surface of a liquid at rest is not perfectly flat; it

curves either up or down at the walls of the container.
This is the result of surface tension, which makes the
surface behave somewhat elastically.

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 Surface Tension and Capillarity

Soap and detergents lower the surface tension of water.

This allows the water to penetrate materials more easily.
Water molecules
are more strongly
attracted to glass than
they are to each other;
just the opposite is
true for mercury.

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 Surface Tension and Capillarity

If a narrow tube is placed in a fluid, the fluid will exhibit

capillarity.

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 Summary

Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas.

Liquids and gases are called fluids.
Density is mass per unit volume.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the
material to that of water.
Pressure is force per unit area.
Pressure at a depth h is gh.

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 ACTIVITY

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 Summary

External pressure applied to a confined fluid is

transmitted throughout the fluid.
Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer.
An object submerged partly or wholly in a fluid is
buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it
displaces.

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 Summary

Liquid surfaces hold together as if under tension.

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