1955 - US Air Force define a need to develop a machine tool capable of

machining complex and close tolerance aircraft parts.

1959 - MIT is the contractor and builds the machine for the project. MIT
announces Automatic Programmed Tools (APT) programming language
1960 - Direct Numerical Control (DNC). This eliminates paper tape and allows
programmers to send files directly to machine tools
1980s - CNC machine is introduced. Unix and PC based systems
1997 - PC- Windows operating system is attached to cnc
 Turning Centers
Milling Centers
Vertical Machining Centers
Horizontal Machining Centers
Drilling Machines
EDM Machines
Laser-Cutting Machines
 Spindle in a vertical orientation.

VMCs are high-precision

Used for tight-tolerance

 Spindle in a horizontal orientation.

Horizontal orientation encourages

chips to fall away.

HMCs are high-precision

Used for tight-tolerance

 Controlled by G and M codes.
These are number values and co-ordinates.
Each number or code is assigned to a particular
operation.
Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.
G & M codes are automatically generated by the
computer software.
 O - Program number
N - Sequence number
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axis designation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
D - Tool radius offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function
 G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
G20/G70 Inch units
G8 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G90 Absolute positioning
G91 Incremental positioning
 M00 Program stop
M01 Optional program stop
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle on clockwise
M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Clamps on
M11 Clamps off
M30 Program stop, reset to start
 CNC machine manufactures this items

Automobile Part

Aerospace
Diamond & Jewellery Ind.

Textile Machinery

Die & Mould Manufactures

 Posess hardness and strength at
high temperatures

Able to withstand when heat is

generate

Angle of the cutting face

Flute width, number of flutes, teeth,

and margin size
 Lubricating during cutting process

Cooling the workpiece at high cutting speeds

Improving tool life,

Improving surface finish

Flushing away chips from the cutting zone

Corrosion protection of the machined surface

 STRAIGHT OILS -Non-emulsifiable and are used in machining operations in
an undiluted form they are composed of a petroleum oil , lubricants such as fats,
vegetable oils
( BEST LUBRICATION )

SOLUBLE OILS -Contain no petroleum or mineral oil , composed of

alkaline inorganic and organic compounds ( BEST COOLING )

SEMISYNTHETIC FLUIDS- Emulsion when mixed with water

( LEAST EXPENSIVE )

SYNTHETIC FLUIDS-Combination of synthetic and soluble oil fluids

( COST AND HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE )
 High Accuracy e.g. Aircraft parts
Production rate is very high
Complex surfaces need to be machined
Flexibility in job change , automatic tool settings
More safe , higher productivity , better quality
Less paper work , faster prototype production
 Costly setup

Skilled operators

Computers , Programming knowledge required

Maintenance is very difficult

.