Last Lecture

Revision of prerequisite course

Why we need EHV?
Historical background of High Voltage Usage
International
Indian
Power Handling Capacity and Line Loss
Classification of Voltage Levels
 Voltage Levels Vs. Year
Voltage
Year Level

1922 165

1923 220

1935 287

1953 330

1965 500 kV

1966 765 kV

1990 1100 kV
 Indian Experience

Voltage
(kV) 1200kV
800kV
765kV HVDC

500kV
HVDC
400k
220kV V

1977 1990 2000 2002 2012 2017-

18 Year
Indian Scenario and Future Grid

Source: NASA Satellite Snapshot

Extra High Voltage
The International Electro-technical
Commission has classified the voltages into
the following levels (IEC 60038).

Low Voltage - upto 1 kV

Medium Voltage - 1 kV to 35 kV
High Voltage - 35 kV to 230 kV
Extra High Voltage - 230 kV to 800 kV
Ultra High Voltage - above 800 kV

Nominal Sys.Volt. kV 275 345 400 500 750 1000

1150
Maximum Oper.Volt. kV 300 362 420 525 765 1050 1200
Power Handling Capacity and Line Loss

Ref: R. D. Begamudre, Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, Fourth Edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2011.
Example 1
P = 12,000 MW, L = 1000 km.
V = 400 kV or 750 kV or 1000 kV or 1200 kV
Determine number of circuits, current, losses
 Various Scenarios for Indian systems

(1) 2500MW,250km,
(2) 3000MW,300km,
(3) 4000MW,400km,
(4) 5000MW,300km,
(5)12000MWoverdistancesof(a)250km,(b)450km,and(c)10001200km.
 Advantages of EHV AC Transmission
ADVANTAGES:

Reduction in the losses and increase in Transmission Efficiency.

Reduction in the current, reduction in volume of conductor material

required.
Decrease in voltage drop and improvement of voltage regulation.

Increased power handling capacity.

Reduced no. of circuits and the land requirement.

The total line cost per MW per km decreases considerably.

Operation is simple and equipments are simple and reliable.

The line can be easily tapped or extended.
Control of power flow is possible with compensating devices.
Generation and distribution of power is in AC only.
Issues with Transferring Power at EHV Level
Use of bundled conductors and mechanical vibrations,
High surface voltage gradient on conductors,
Corona problems: Audible Noise, Radio and TV Interference, Corona
Energy Loss,
High electrostatic and electromagnetic field under the line,
Switching Surge Over-voltages which cause more havoc to air-gap
insulation than lightning or power frequency voltages,
Insulation coordination based upon switching impulse levels,
Requirement of shunt reactor compensation,
Use of series capacitors, resulting in possible sub-synchronous
resonance conditions,
Increased Short-Circuit currents and possibility of ferro-resonance
conditions,
Course Structure
1. Subject Code: EE-563
2. Course Title: EHV AC Transmission System
3. Contact Hours: L: 3 T: 1 P: 0
4. Examination Duration (Hrs.): Theory: 3, Practical: 0
5. Relative Weight:
CWS: 25 PRS: 0 MTE: 25 ETE: 50 PRE: 0
6. Credits: 4
7. Semester: Autumn
8. Subject Area: PCC
9. Prerequisite: Power System Engineering
Objective: To expose students to the advanced concepts in EHVAC
transmission systems, and their design, analysis and control.
 Contents
Introduction: Overview of electrical power transmission at high Voltages; EHV
AC Transmission line trends; Advantages and issues with EHV AC
transmission.
EHV AC transmission system line parameters: Resistance; Bundle conductor
systems; Inductance and capacitance of E.H.V. lines; Positive, negative and zero
sequence impedances; Line parameters for Modes of Propagation.
Surface voltage gradient : Surface voltage gradient; Gradient factor and their
use; Distribution of voltage gradient on sub-conductors of the bundle.
Corona: Power loss due to corona; Audio noise and Radio noise and their
computation as well as measurement ; Limits prescribed in standards.
Electrostatic and electromagnetic fields: Calculations of electrostatic and
magnetic fields; Their effect on biological organisms and human beings and
limits of exposure, Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction.
Power frequency voltage control in EHV lines : No load voltage; Charging
currents at power frequency; voltage control; Shunt and series compensation;
Static VAR compensation; Use of FACTS devices in EHV transmission.
 Contents
Over voltages in power systems: Temporary, lightning and switching over
voltages; Over voltage computation; Shielding of transmission lines against
lightning; Insulation characteristics of long air gaps; Protection of station
apparatus and transmission lines against over voltages; Surge arresters;
Insulation co-ordination.
EHV Transmission Line Design: EHV AC transmission line design examples
based on steady-state limits and transient over-voltages.
Miscellaneous Topics: Mechanical vibration of bundled conductors; Ceramic
and non-ceramic types insulators and their performance in polluted
environments; HV cable transmission - Underground cables and Gas insulated
transmission lines; HV substations - AIS and GIS; Grounding of transmission
towers and substations.
Books
R. D. Begamudre, Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, Fourth
Edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2011.
Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and Above, Electrical Power
Research Institute (EPRI), USA, 1982.
Edited by Turan Gonen, Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering:
Analysis and Design, Second Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2009.
F. Kiessling, P. Nefzger, J. F. Nolasco, and U. Kaintzyk, Overhead Power Lines:
Planning, Design, Construction, Springer, Berlin, 2002.
N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission systems, IEEE Press 2000.
Miller T. J. E., Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems, John Wiley and Sons.
Ragaller, K. (ed.), Surges in High Voltage Networks, Plenum Press, 1980.
Kundur, P. and Balu, N.J. and Lauby, M.G., Power system stability and control,
McGraw-Hill.