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Soft Drink Frequency

Coca-Cola 19
Diet Coke 8
Dr. Pepper 5
Pepsi 13
Sprite 5
TOTAL 50
Soft Drink Relative Frequency Percent Frequency
Coca-Cola 0.38 38

Diet Coke 0.16 16

Dr. Pepper 0.10 10

Pepsi 0.26 26

Sprite 0.10 10

Total 1.00 100


8
7
6
Frequency

5
4
3
2
1

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34


Audit Time (days)
Cumulative Cumulative
Cumulative
Audit time (days) Relative Percent
Frequency
Frequency Frequency

Less than or equal to 14 4 0.20 20

Less than or equal to 19 12 0.60 60

Less than or equal to 12 17 0.85 85

Less than or equal to 29 19 0.95 95

Less than or equal to 34 20 1.00 100


Hours/Week
Frequency % Frequency
of Meetings
11-12 1 4%
13-14 2 8%
15-16 6 24%
17-18 3 12%
19-20 5 20%
21-22 4 16%
23-24 4 16%
Total 25 100%
4 8
5
6 58
7 22356
8 1134667
9 0146
10 0
Price Home Style
Total
Range Colonial Log Split A-Frame
$99,000 18 6 19 12 55
$99,000 12 14 16 3 45
Total 30 20 35 15
Price Home Style
Total
Range Colonial Log Split A-Frame
$99,000 18 6 19 12 55
$99,000 12 14 16 3 45
Total 30 20 35 15
Do Not Eat
Eat Candy
Marital status (X) Candy Regularly Total
Regularly (Y)
(Y)
Single 750 (75%) 249 (25%) 999
Married 1365 (63%) 745 (37%) 2010

Single people seem more likely to eat candy but.


Age <25 Age >25

Do Not Do Not
Eat Eat
Eat Eat
Candy Total Candy Total
Candy Candy
Reg Reg
Reg Reg

632 167 120 80


Single 799 Single 200
(79%) (21%) (60%) (40%)
407 96 873 634
Married 503 Married 1507
(81%) (19%) (58%) (42%)

When considering age, marital status makes no difference on candy consumption.


Positive Relationship Negative Relationship No Apparent Relationship

y y y

x x x
Observation x y
1 -22 22
2 -33 49
3 2 8
4 29 -16
5 -13 10
6 21 -28
7 -13 27
8 -23 35
9 14 -5
10 3 -3
11 -37 48
12 34 -29
13 9 -18
14 -33 31
15 20 -16
16 -3 14
17 -15 18
18 12 17
19 -20 -11
20 -7 -22
60
50
40
30
20
10
Y

0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40
-10
-20
-30
-40
X
Data
Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

Tabular Graphical Tabular Graphical


Methods Methods Methods Methods

Frequency Bar Graph Frequency Dist. Dot Plot


Distribution Pie Chart Rel. Freq. Dist. Histogram
Relative Freq. % Freq. Dist. Ogive
Distribution Cum. Freq. Dist. Stem-and-
Percent Freq. Cum. Rel. Freq. Leaf Display
Distribution Distribution Scatter
Crosstabulation Cum. % Freq. Diagram
Distribution
Crosstabulation
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
Population Sample

Size (number of
N n
elements)

Mean

Variance 2 s2

Standard Deviation s
Population Mean Sample Mean

x i x i
x
N n
Population Variance Sample Variance

( xi x )
2
( xi )
2

2
s
2
N n 1
Population Standard Deviation Sample Standard Deviation

2
s s 2
Population Coefficient of Variation Sample Coefficient of Variation

s
100 % 100 %
x
Skewness = 0

Skewness = negative

Skewness = positive
In a normal, bell-shaped distribution, the following applies:

68% of the values of a normal random variable


are within +/- 1 standard deviation of its mean.

95% of the values of a normal random variable


are within +/- 2 standard deviations of its mean.

99% of the values of a normal random variable


are within +/- 3 standard deviations of its mean.
99.7%
95%
68%

x
+ 3
3 1 + 1
2 + 2
-2 2
Shaded area = .0228

Shaded area = .9772

Shaded area = .9772-.0228 = .9544


How can we tackle this problem?


1. Find the z-scores for each boundary of the range, =

1
2. Use Chebyshevs theorem to calculate the percentage, 1 2
20 30 40 30 1
37. a. z 2, z 2 1 .75 At least 75%
5 5 22

15 30 45 30 1
b. z 3, z 3 1 .89 At least 89%
5 5 32

22 30 38 30 1
c. z 1.6, z 1.6 1 .61 At least 61%
5 5 1.62

18 30 42 30 1
d. z 2.4, z 2.4 1 .83 At least 83%
5 5 2.42

12 30 48 30 1
e. z 3.6, z 3.6 1 .92 At least 92%
5 5 3.62
Population Sample
( x i x )( y i y ) ( xi x ) ( yi y )
xy s xy
n1
N

NOTE: covariance is impacted by measurement units


Population Sample

xy s xy
xy rxy
x y sx s y
x 6 11 15 21 27
y 6 9 6 17 2
x wx i i

w i

where:
xi = value of observation i
wi = weight for observation i
Credit
Grade Weight (w) w*x
Hours (x)
A 4 9 36
B 3 15 45
C 2 33 66
D 1 3 3
F 0 0 0
Sum: 60 150
x fM i i

where:
fi = frequency of class i
Mi = midpoint of class i
Rent ($) fi Mi f iM i
34 , 525
420-439 8 429.5 3436.0 x 493.21
440-459 17 449.5 7641.5 70
460-479 12 469.5 5634.0
480-499 8 489.5 3916.0
500-519 7 509.5 3566.5
520-539 4 529.5 2118.0
540-559 2 549.5 1099.0
560-579 4 569.5 2278.0
580-599 2 589.5 1179.0
600-619 6 609.5 3657.0
Total 70 34525.0
Sample Population

fi ( M i x ) fi ( M i )
2 2
s
2

2
n1 N
Rent ($) fi Mi Mi - x (M i - x )2 f i (M i - x )2
420-439 8 429.5 -63.7 4058.96 32471.71
440-459 17 449.5 -43.7 1910.56 32479.59
460-479 12 469.5 -23.7 562.16 6745.97
480-499 8 489.5 -3.7 13.76 110.11
500-519 7 509.5 16.3 265.36 1857.55
520-539 4 529.5 36.3 1316.96 5267.86
540-559 2 549.5 56.3 3168.56 6337.13
560-579 4 569.5 76.3 5820.16 23280.66
580-599 2 589.5 96.3 9271.76 18543.53
600-619 6 609.5 116.3 13523.36 81140.18
Total 70 208234.29

Continued

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