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Overview

Chapter 3 - Buoyancy versus gravity =


stability

(see Chapter Objectives in text)

Builds on Chapters 1 and 2

6-week exam is Chapters 1-3!


HYDROSTATICS
Review (3.1)

Archimedes Principle:

An object partially or fully submerged in a fluid


will experience a resultant vertical force equal
in magnitude to the weight of the volume of
fluid displaced by the object.

This force is called the buoyant force or the


force of buoyancy(FB).
HYDROSTATICS
Review (3.1)
Mathematical Equation:

Where. . . FB g weight
FB is the magnitude of the resultant buoyant force in lb,

is the density of the fluid in lb s2 / ft4 ,

g is the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity normally


taken to be 32.17 ft / s2 .

is the volume of fluid displaced by the object in ft3 .


Hydrostatics
Vessel Degrees of Freedom
And Static Equilibrium

The forces lead to The moments lead


translations: to rotations:
Heave Roll
Surge Pitch
Sway Yaw
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Forces and Moments
(3.1.2.1-2)
Sum of the Resultant Forces:
FB g weight Fx 0 ?
Fy 0 ?
Fz 0 ?
Sum of the Moments about a reference point:

Mx 0 My 0 Mz 0
Static equilibrium must consist of both
conditions!
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability

Is this boat in static equilibrium?


What are the component forces and moments?
Are they internal or external?
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium (3.1.1.2)
Port Starboard
Atmospheric
Resultant Pressure
W Weight, s L
Hydrostatic
Distibuted Pressure
Hydrostatic G
Forces

B
Resultant Vertical
Wave?
Buoyant Force
FB

What is the hydrostatic pressure? F=p*A


HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability (3.2)

B
HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2)
The Center of Gravity (G) is the point at which all of
the mass of the ship can be considered to be located (for
most problems).
Terminology! UPPERCASE for ship; lowercase for a
smaller weight.

It is referenced vertically from the keel of the ship (KG


or VCG or Kg).

(1) Shifting, (2) adding, or (3) removing weight changes


the location of the Center of Gravity.
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability

Where is the Center of Gravity?


The Center of Buoyancy?
Are they vertically aligned? Why/Why not?
HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.1)
When weight is added to
a ship, the CG will move in WL

a straight line from its


current position toward the Gf Go
cg of the weight being
w
added. G0 to Gf. The g

distance is a ratio of the


weight and disp. BL
K
What happens to the C
Center of Buoyancy L
(and the ship)?
HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.2)
When weight is
WL
removed from a ship,
G will move
in a straight line from
Go
w Gf
its current position
away from the center g

of gravity of the
weight being BL
removed. G0 to Gf. K
CL
HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.3)
Port Starboard

When a small w
weight is shifted (but W gf L
not added or removed, CG
will move parallel to the Gf
weight shift but a much
w Go
smaller distance because it go

is only a small fraction of


the total weight of the ship. BL
K
CL
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
KGold old Kg addedweight waddedweight
KGnew
old waddedweight
Where: (note: some use the term initial for old and
final for new

KGnew is the final vertical position of the center of gravity


of the ship as referenced from the keel. KGs are in feet.

KGold is the initial vertical position of the center of gravity


of the ship as referenced from the keel.
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
And,

s new is the final displacement of the ship in LT. In this


example, it is equal to the initial
displacement plus or minus the weight added.

s old is the initial displacement of the ship in LT.

Kg added weight is the vertical position of the center of gravity of


the weight being added as referenced from the keel.
This line segment is a distance in feet.

w added weight is the weight of the weight to be added in LT.


HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
The first equation was for a weight addition or
removal. What do we do for a weight shift? What is
different

Re-examine our first vertical shift equation.


What changes?

KGold old Kg addedweight waddedweight


KGnew
old waddedweight
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.3)
So, the final equation for vertical shifts is:

KGold old w( Kg new Kg old )


KGnew
old w
Example: A 150 pound person climbs in a 10 pound canoe and sits
down. How much has KG shifted? KGold=0.5 ft Kg=?
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.4)
Last Comments:

The general equation covers all cases for a


change in KG. This is the equation you should
apply to the exams!
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in the Center of Gravity
(3.2.3)
Shifts side to side of the Center of Gravity.

Starboard is positive and port is negative!

As in Vertical case, the Transverse movement of


G may be caused by either (1) addition, (2)
removal, or (3) shifting of weights.
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
Results in a List on the Vessel.

List occurs when a vessel is in static


equilibrium and down by either the port or
starboard side. No external forces are required to
maintain this condition and it is permanent unless
the Center of Gravity changes.

List is different from heeling. Heeling


occurs because an external couple is acting on
the vessel. Heeling is a more temporary
condition.
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
Example (Listing or Heeling?)
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
The Transverse Center of Gravity is
referenced in the transverse
(athwartships) direction from the
centerline of the ship and is labeled TCG.

The equation used for a transverse shift in


the Center of Gravity is the same as was
used for the vertical shift! (With some
changes in the notation.)
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3.4)
Remember a weight shift is just like removing a
weight from its original location and adding it
to its final location. So for just a weight shift,
the generalized equation simplifies to:
TCGold old w(TCg new TCg old )
TCGnew
old w
Example: Your 100 LT ship is initially upright. You pump 5
LT of water from a point 15 ft starboard of centerline to 10 ft
port of centerline. What is the new TCG? (We will use that
answer later to find the angle of heel.
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical and Transverse Changes in G
The Key Equations!
KGold old w( Kg new Kg old )
KGnew
old w
TCGold old w(TCg new TCg old )
TCGnew
old w
When faced with a change in weight (add, sub or
move), first sketch it, then solve KG, then solve
TCG!
HYDROSTATICS
Metacenter (3.3)
A reference point for hydrostatic calculations for small
angles of roll (less than 10 degrees) or pitch (less than five
degrees).
Defined as the intersection of the buoyancy forces and the
ship centerline.
O
T

O
Bo
B1

FB
HYDROSTATICS
Metacenter (3.3)

The higher the metacenter, the more stable the ship


is!

There is a different metacenter for ship pitching in


the longitudinal direction and ships rolling in
the transverse direction.

BMT is for roll, BML for pitch. Which is higher?


If the subscript is omitted, it means BMT.
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.1.1)
The distance from the Metacenter to the
Center of Buoyancy is defined as the
Metacentric Radius (BM). IT
BM

2 3
IT y dx
3
MT

B
K
Zero pt.
Quick Review
Finding KMT from the Curves of Form
For a draft of 10 ft

Curve 8
Genl Scale =
192
192*0.06 ft
KMT=11.5 ft
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Height (3.3.1.2)
The distance between the Center of Gravity (G)
and the Metacenter (M) is defined as the
Metacentric Height (GM).

MT
G

Zero pt.
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Height (3.3.1.2)
Why is GM important?

If G is below M, then GM is said to be positive.


The ship does not want to capsize. This is
GOOD!

If G coincides with M, then GM is said to be


zero. A vessel would stay heeled. This is not
very good.

If G is above M, the GM is said to be negative.


The ship will tip over. This is REALLY BAD!
Good (positive) GM!
The ship wants to roll upright.

Zero
pt.
Bad (negative) GM!
The ship wants to roll over. G is
either too high or M is too low!

Zero
pt.
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.2.2)
B and M are functions of the hull shape and are
generally constant over the life of the ship. G is
based on the weights and changes constantly.

To be safe at sea, we need to find the ships KG to


make sure it is sufficiently below M!
KG = KM - GM
Where,
KM is shown on the Curves of Form.

GM is found from both calculations and by an


Inclining Experiement
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.2.2)
KM=KB + BM where:

KB is found by numerical integration but


for most vessels is between 40-50% of the
draft IT
BM is found by: BM T

IT is the Transverse Moment of Area of the
Waterplane and has the units of ft4 IT 2 y 3dx
3
For a box-shaped barge it simplifies to: LB 3
IT
12
Example stability check

You have just bought a 30-foot long


floating dock, made some modifications
and will now put it in the water. It is 6 ft
wide and 2.5 feet deep. KG=2 ft and it
has a 1 ft draft. Will it be stable? (eg
Find GM and determine if it is positive!)
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4)
As a weight shifts across the deck of a vessel, the
vessel lists (or inclines. How can we predict
the angle of inclination (list)?

Derivation of Equation

Draw two vessels, one upright and one listing.


Show a weight moving, along with the CG and B.
Calculating Angle of List (3.4)
Port Starboard
MT O

W
Go S
Gt O
Bo
Bf

B
L
L FB
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.2)

The weight is shifted causing a shift in the Center


of Gravity.

A moment is created causing the vessel to incline.

The underwater shape of the hull changes


causing the Center of Buoyancy (B) to move
until it is in line with the Center of Gravity (G)
and the vessel is back in static equilibrium.
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.3)
From the geometry and then some substitution,
we get: M GO GF GO M tan
W GM tan w t
t

G
B
Zero
pt.
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.3)

This equation only works for small angles


because it assumes that the Metacenter does
not move!

Note that for small angles, tan = sin! So you can


calculate GM from either along the old or new
inclined axis.

Example: You move a 1 LT weight 25 feet to


starboard on your 100 LT ship and it lists 2 degrees.
What is GM? How would you find KG?
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5)

Uses small-angle hydrostatics to find the


vertical center of gravity (KG) of a ship.

Process:
A weight is moved a transverse
distance, causing a shift in the TCG, and
resulting in measurable inclination (list).
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5)

Navy 44 Incline Experiment


HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
Solving the Angle of Heel equation for the
metacentric height (GM), we find:

wt
GM
tan
The easiest way to do this experiment is to use
one set of weights at one distance off centerline.
Alas, this would have significant experimental
errors, so we measure the inclination with different
weights and different positions.
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)

We then plot the data on a graph where the y-


axis is the Inclining Moment (wt) and the x-
axis is the Tangent of the inclining angle (Tan ).

The average value of GM can be found from the


slope of the line. We can see that:

wt rise 1 y 1 1
GM slope
tan run x
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
Recall: We want to find the Center of Gravity
which can be found by the equation:

KG=KM-GM

KM is found from the Curves of Form

GM is found from the Inclining Experiment


HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.2)
Removing the Inclining Apparatus we must
recalculate KG. This is done as a weight
removal problem:
KGold old w( Kg new Kg old )
KGnew
old w
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.3)
Shipboard Considerations:
No initial list.
Minimum trim.
Dry bilges.
Liquid fuel and oil to be in accordance with the
Shipyard Memo.
Sluice valves closed.
All consumables are to be inventoried.

Minimum number of personnel remain onboard.


See the example in your text!
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
A longitudinal shift in the CG will result in the
vessel having some trim.

Trim is the difference between the forward and aft


drafts, Tf and Ta. It may be calculated by:
Ex. A ship has a draft of 15
Trim = Taft - Tfwd fwd and 16 aft. Trim = 1 ft

The Mean Draft is:

Tm = ()(Ta + Tf )
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)

A vessel is trimmed by the bow when the bow has


a deeper draft. This is indicated by a negative
trim.

A vessel is trimmed by the stern when the stern


has a deeper draft. This is indicated by a
positive trim.

What is the point which the vessel trims about?


HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
What happens when a weight is shifted forward or
aft?

The vessel goes down by the bow or stern


depending on the direction of the weight shift.

Note that the change in trim is independent of


the original location of the weight. (i.e. It only
matters whether the weight moves forward or aft)
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
The Trim Problem (3.6)
Draw a picture of what is happening when a
vessel trims due to a weight shift:

d AFT d FWD

l
F w
AP FP
L PP
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
As the weight shifts forward, a new operating waterline is
created and the draft decreases aft and increases
forward.

d AFT d FWD

dTaft l
F w
AP FP
L PP
dTfwd
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
We now have two similar triangles and will draw a
third which represents the change in trim.

Recall: Trim = Taft -Tfwd


So the total Trim with a change in trim is:
TRIM Taft Taft T fwd T fwd
And with no initial trim, then the change in TRIM is:
TRIM Taft T fwd
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
To calculate the final drafts we will need to find:

wl
TRIM Taft T fwd
MT 1
Where MT1 is from the Curves of Form (2.10)
We use similar triangles (ratios) to find the change
in draft due to the weight shift.
Taft T fwd TRIM

d aft d fwd LPP
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
Example: You have a 1000
x 200 x 90 foot tanker
(100,000 LT) with F at Stn 6. It
has zero TRIM. You move
1000 LT of oil 450 ft aft. What
is the new draft at the stern?
MT1~ IL/420L=150,000 FTLT/in

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