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Io
For resistive load I=I sin t I rms
2
<P> = P/2
period, Distinguish
frequency, 24.1 Characteristics between peak and
peak value of alternating current rms value
and root-mean
square value 24.2
24. Alternating Transformer
Currents
Half-wave and Principle of
full-wave
operation
24.3 Transmission
24.4 Rectification N s Vs I P
of electrical energy
N P VP I s
effect of single Single diode and
capacitance on bridge rectifier Advantage of ac
smoothing and high voltages
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/ac/index.html
Terms you are likely to encounter
Alternating Current (AC) Electricity
by Ron Kurtus (revised 2 June 2009)
http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/ac.htm
24.1 Characteristics of a.c.
current current
time
time
Determine the
mean of the
curves shown.
Soln
Power
b) a) <V> = 0
Po
b) <P> = Po/2
Po/2
0
Exercise 24.3
Provides alternating
current of different
frequency and
amplitude.
SIGNAL GENERATOR
symbol
T 0
I o2 T
(1 cos2t )dt
2T 0
2
Io sin 2t T
[t ]0
2T 2 cos 2 = cos2 - sin2
Io 2
2 = 1 - 2 sin2
as
2 T
Exercise 24.4
quantity,
b) Find the mean of
a), and b) I 2 I 2
N
c) Take the square
root of b), c) I I 2
rms
Find a) the mean voltage, Exercise 24.6
and b) the mean
square voltage and c)
root mean square
voltage/V
voltage.
(Ans. a) 3.33 V b) 33.3 V2,
c) 5.77 V) 10
Soln.
a) 3<V> = 10[1]
2 4 6 8 t/s
<V> = 3.33 V
b) 3<V>= 100[1]
<V>= 33.3 V2
c) Vrms = 33.3 = 5.77 V
Self-test 24.1 1) An alternating current
(a.c.) is an electric
1) What is an current that periodically
alternating reverses its direction in
current? the circuit, with a
2) What is the peak frequency f independent
voltage? of the constants of the
circuit.
2) Peak or maximum
voltage is the maximum
voltage or amplitude of
voltage.
Self-test 24.1 3) Peak voltage is the
maximum voltage while root
3) Distinguish mean square voltage is the
between the alternating voltage that has
peak and root the same heating effect in a
mean square given resistor as a direct
voltage. voltage. The peak voltage
is larger than rms voltage.
Self-test 24.1
4) What is meant by 4a) Frequency (f) is the
a) frequency, number of cycles
b) the root mean occurring per
square current of an second.
a.c.? b) The root mean
square [rms]
current is the a.c.
that has the same
heating effect in a
given resistor as a
direct current (d.c.)
Self-test 24.1
5) For an alternating
voltage,
5a) 20 V
v=[20/V]sin
b) 20/2 =14.1 V
[200t/ms]
c) 2f = 200 /10
Determine
f = 100 kHz
a) the peak voltage,
b) the rms voltage,
c) frequency of the
alternating voltage.
PYP 24.1
The magnetic flux density B of the Soln.
field due to a long straight wire peak current Io
is given by = 20002
o I = 2828 A
B
2d o I
An overhead power cable carries B
an alternating current of 2000 A
2d
r.m.s. At what distance would 6 4x10 7
(2828)
100 x10
the peak magnetic flux density 2d
due to the current in the cable
be 100 T? d = 5.7 m
[Ans.: 5.7 m]
PYP 24.2
Ans A 2
Vo
P = Po =
2R
Is independent of
frequency
24.2 Transformer
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/elect
ric_power/illustrated_glossary/sub
station_equipment/power_transfor
mers.html
Electricity
Flow on the
Farm
http://www.wisconsinpublicservice.com/business/farm_voltage_electricity.aspx
Transformer (electrical appliants)
Used in laboratory
power supply.
Description
a) A simple transformer
consists of two coils,
the primary and the
secondary coils wound
over a core made of
magnetically soft
material.
b) There is no electrical
connection between the
primary and secondary
coils, but the soft iron
core provides a magnetic
link between them.
http://www.electricityforum.com/products/trans-s.htm
Description
a.c. CRO
source
induced changing
field
eddy current
Laminated iron core
induced
magnetic field
changing
produced by the
field
current.
induced
I current
[eddy
current]
is v s i P v p
lost, the input energy
is completely
vs i p transformed into the
output energy.
vp is
where ip = primary current
is = secondary current
24.3 Transmission of electrical energy
pylon
http://www.t2.unh.edu/spring99/pg4.html
Transmission
In Britain a network of cables, called the
national grid, links all the power stations. It
allows the demand for electricity to be
shared out between the power stations.
Most of the cables in the grid system are
carried overhead on pylons. Underground
cables are more expensive and difficult to
maintain. They are used in cities and
where the scenery must not be spoilt.
Advantages of using electrical
energy
1. Electrical energy is the easiest form of
energy to transmit, and distributed by cables.
2. For many modern appliances, electrical
energy is the only form of energy that can be
used.
3. Electrical energy can be converted efficiently
into any one of the other forms of energy.
How electrical energy is transmitted?
Disadvantage.
For use of high voltage the high cost of the substation
insulation needed. Cost of transmitting a.c. is lower
than direct current.
Practical transmission system
Ans: C
24.4 Rectification
1. Rectification is the conversion
of alternating current (a.c.) to current
direct current (d.c.)
2. A rectifier is a conductor
which is largely unidirectional.
3. Ideal rectifier or diode.
a) Must have a zero resistance voltage
when the current flow in one
direction and
b) Must have an infinite
resistance when the current
flows in opposite direction.
Forward biased
Direction of
conventional current is
the same as direction
of arrow of diode.
Rectifier conducts and
has a zero resistance.
A real diode has low
resistance
http://www.gadgetjq.com/tach_install.htm
Reversed biased
Direction of conventional
current is opposite to that
of the arrow of the diode.
The diode is non-
conducting, and has an
infinite resistance.
A real diode has a high
resistance and negligible
current flows.
Why do we need to rectify a.c.?
D.C is required for
a) battery charging
b) operating of CRO
c) operation of GM tube.
d) operation of X-ray tube
e) operation of radio receivers and
transmitters.
P Half Wave Rectification
Q
http://www.eleinmec.com/article.asp?18
www.antonine-education.co.uk/.../TOPIC_3.HTM
How it works?
During the first half cycle, when terminal X of the
B
supply is positive, diodes ........ D are
and ........
conducting, and diodes .......... A C
and ............. are
reversed biased.
During the second half cycle, when terminal Y is
A and .........
positive, diodes .......... C are
conducting, and diodes .......... B and ..........
D are
reversed biased.
In both half cycle. the current through the load are
same
in the ................. direction.
How it works?
doubled
Power utilised is ...................... that achieved with
half wave rectification.
doubled
The output is .............................. with an average
voltage of
<V> = 2/3 Vo
where Vo is the peak voltage.
Alternative diagram
http://ocw.weber.edu/automotive-technology/ausv-1320-automotive-electronics/12-diodes/rectification
Smoothing
The pulsating
output produced
by both half-
wave and full-
wave rectifiers
can be made
more steady
(smooth) by
putting suitable
capacitor in
parallel with the
load.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_rectifier
Smoothing [2]
When the current flows through the load in both
half cycles the capacitor charges, and when the
voltage across the load decreases the capacitor
discharges.
If the time constant CR is large the capacitor
recharges before it has completely discharges
i.e. use a capacitor with large capacity.
The output is ripple voltage at twice the input
frequency.
Summary
1. Alternating currents can be rectified using
diodes;
2. A single diode will carry out half wave
rectification;
3. Two diodes connected to a centre tapped
transformer well carry out full wave rectification;
4. Four diodes in a bridge circuit form a bridge
rectifier.
5. Capacitors are used to smooth rectified AC.